Safeguarding children as relatives in homecare

Bacheloroppgave sykepleie, 2017Bakgrunn: Barn som pårørende har tilbake i tid fått liten eller ingen oppfølging når en forelder er alvorlig syk. I 2010 kom det en lovendring som gav helsepersonell en plikt til å ivareta barn som pårørende. Barn står i fare for en rekke uheldige konsekvenser om de ikke mestrer situasjonen med en syk forelder. Hensikten med lovendringene er å tidlig identifisere barn, kartlegge behov og bidra til at barn bedre takler situasjonen. Hensikt: Vi ønsker å belyse sykepleierens ansvar og omfang i ivaretakelsen av barn som pårørende. Oppgaven fokuserer på sykepleie i hjemmet da det er andre forutsetninger for å ivareta barn hjemme enn på sykehus. Undersøkelser viser også at plikten bare delvis følges opp her, noe forfatterne av oppgaven i tillegg har personlige erfaringer med. Vi ønsker med oppgaven å bidra til at sykepleiere følger opp sin lovpålagte plikt. Problemstilling: Hvordan kan sykepleiere ivareta barns behov når en forelder er alvorlig somatisk syk? Metode: Litteraturstudie i både fag- og forskningslitteratur. Pensumlitteratur og erfaringer fra praksis er inkludert i besvarelsen. Konklusjon: Barn av somatisk syke foreldre har mange behov. Valgt sykepleieteori av Joyce Travelbee kan være en fremgangsmåte for å ivareta barnets behov, men sykepleier må også ha andre kunnskaper og ferdigheter. Kunnskap om barns utvikling og reaksjoner sammen med gode ferdigheter innen kommunikasjon og affekttoleranse er viktig. Barns behov kan ivaretas gjennom veiledning og råd til foreldre, men en samtale med sykepleier, eller annet helsepersonell, bør også gjennomføres. I hjemmesykepleien står en i en særskilt posisjon med flere muligheter

Control unit for heart catheter with three functions

Våren 2015 ble det opprettet et samarbeid mellom intervensjonsavdelingen ved Rikshospitalet og Norges miljø og biovitenskapelige universitet gjennom masteroppgaven til Martine Sletmoen og Øyvind Hodneland. Målet med oppgaven var å se på muligheten for å forbedre dagens eksisterende hjertekateter. Samarbeidet er opprettholdt gjennom flere masteroppgaver på temaet der målet er å produsere et modernisert og forbedret trefunksjons hjertekateter. Martine Sletmoen og Øyvind Hodneland fokuserte i sin gradsoppgave på nøyaktig posisjonering av kateter i det kardiovaskulære systemet og Dharun Sehjpal og Khaled Alamoudi jobbet sammen om å utvikle en 5:1 skala prototype av kateterslangen. I alle de tre oppgavene ble det konkludert med at slangen ville kreve en god styreenhet for å gi brukeren bedre kontroll over distalendens bevegelser, samt sikre pasienten med en nøyaktig posisjonsmarkør. Hovedmålet med denne gradsoppgaven har vært å utrede og utvikle en tilnærmet fullskala mekanisk funksjonsmodell av styreenhet til trefunksjons hjertekateter. En rekke konsepter for hovedform og produktfunksjoner ble diskutert og vurdert ved hjelp av seleksjonsmatriser. Funksjonsmekanismene ble valgt på bakgrunn av de resulterende distalfunksjonene fra tidligere gradsoppgaver, og deretter videreutviklet. Etter seleksjonsprosessen ble de mest aktuelle hovedformene testet fysisk gjennom modellering med trolldeig. Den fysiske testen viste seg å samsvare med den teoretiske seleksjonen og konklusjonen falt på fylt U-profil. Gjennom den fysiske testen ble det også konkludert med at styreenheten burde være høyest under håndflaten og lavest under fingertuppene for å oppnå en naturlig og avslappet posisjon for hånden. Under den fysiske testen ble det bestemt rekkefølge på produktfunksjonene. Rekkefølgen fra brukers perspektiv fra venstre mot høyre; rotasjon, defleksjon og forlengelse. På denne måten er rotasjon og defleksjon tilgjengelige samtidig og kan styres med to fingre. Forlengelsen er kun for justering og trenger derfor ikke være like tilgjengelig. Under utvikling av funksjonsmodellen stod Gulliksen for 3D-modellering av styreenhetens skall og produktfunksjonene, samt kontinuerlig oppdatering og formatering av rapporten. Lindberg hadde ansvaret for produktmekanismene, fysisk konstruksjon av styreenheten og klargjøring av filer for 3D-printing. Utviklingsprosessen resulterte i en funksjonsmodell av en styreenhet tiltrefunksjons hjertekateter. Styreenheten utfører et mekanisk arbeid på vaiere som styrer de tre funksjonene i kateterets distalende. En enkel ergonomitest ble utført som avslutning på prosjektet. Resultatene fra testingen og erfaringer fra utviklingsprosessen utgjør konklusjonen og en rekke anbefalinger for videre arbeid i utviklingen av styreenheten til et trefunksjons hjertekateter. Funksjonsmodellen er den første prototypen i en tenkt utvikling og er kun ment for testing av ergonomisk utforming og design. Det er derfor ikke tatt hensyn til medisinske standarder i valg av materialer. Det er heller ikke gjort noen kostnadsvurderinger.In the spring of 2015 through the mater thesis of Martine Sletmoen and Øyvind Hodneland, a first initiative between the intervention center at Rikshopitalet and NMBU was established. The main objective of their thesis was to identify and examine the possibilities for a precise positioning of catheters in the cardiovascular system. The initiative has been maintained through several master theses regarding the subject of heart catheter where the objective is to develop a modernized and improved heart catheter with three functions. In their thesis, Martine Sletmoen and Øyvind Hodneland focused in their thesis on precise positioning, and Dharun Sehjpal and Khaled Alamoudi worked together on developing a 5:1 scaled prototype of the catheter tube. In all three theses, the discussion concluded with a need for a good control unit to ensure the user control of the movements in the distal end and assure the safety of the patient through a precise positioning. The main objective for this master thesis has been to study and develop an approximate full scale mechanical prototype of a heart catheter with three functions. Several design concepts for both shape and product-function design was discussed and evaluated through selection matrixes. The function-mechanisms were selected based on the resulting distal functions from former theses and then further developed. After the selection process, the most relevant shapes were tested through the use of modeling playdough. The physical test corresponded with the theoretical test selection and confirmed the conclusions in favour of the filled U-form. Through the physical test it was also concluded that the control unit should be higher beneath the hand palm and lower beneath th fingertips to achieve a natural and relaxed position for the hand. During the physical test the decition of the order for the product-functions were made. The final conclusion gave the following order of the product-functions in users perspective from left to right; rotation, deflection and elongation. This way the rotation and deflection will be available simultaneously and can be controlled with two fingers. The elongation function is solely for adjustment and hence does not need to be as accessible. Through the development process of the prototype Gulliksen was responsible for the 3Dmodelling of the shell and the product-functions for the control unit together with formatting the report. Lindberg was responsible for the development and 3D-modelling of the product mechanisms and the physical assembly of the control unit. The development process resulted in a prototype of a control unit for heart catheter with three functions. The control unit operates mechanical work on wires that control three functions in the distal end of the catheter. At the end of the process the prototype was tested with a simple ergonomic test. The testresults and experience gained through this process makes up the conslusion and several recommendations for further work on developing a control unit for heart catheter with three functions. The prototype developed in this master thesis is the very first in a possible development process and is created solely to test ergonomic shapes and design. Because of this, medical standards regarding choice of material has not been considered. Nor has any cost estimations been carried out.submittedVersionM-I

Ivaretakelse av barn som pårørende i hjemmesykepleie

Bakgrunn: Barn som pårørende har tilbake i tid fått liten eller ingen oppfølging når en forelder er alvorlig syk. I 2010 kom det en lovendring som gav helsepersonell en plikt til å ivareta barn som pårørende. Barn står i fare for en rekke uheldige konsekvenser om de ikke mestrer situasjonen med en syk forelder. Hensikten med lovendringene er å tidlig identifisere barn, kartlegge behov og bidra til at barn bedre takler situasjonen. Hensikt: Vi ønsker å belyse sykepleierens ansvar og omfang i ivaretakelsen av barn som pårørende. Oppgaven fokuserer på sykepleie i hjemmet da det er andre forutsetninger for å ivareta barn hjemme enn på sykehus. Undersøkelser viser også at plikten bare delvis følges opp her, noe forfatterne av oppgaven i tillegg har personlige erfaringer med. Vi ønsker med oppgaven å bidra til at sykepleiere følger opp sin lovpålagte plikt. Problemstilling: Hvordan kan sykepleiere ivareta barns behov når en forelder er alvorlig somatisk syk? Metode: Litteraturstudie i både fag- og forskningslitteratur. Pensumlitteratur og erfaringer fra praksis er inkludert i besvarelsen. Konklusjon: Barn av somatisk syke foreldre har mange behov. Valgt sykepleieteori av Joyce Travelbee kan være en fremgangsmåte for å ivareta barnets behov, men sykepleier må også ha andre kunnskaper og ferdigheter. Kunnskap om barns utvikling og reaksjoner sammen med gode ferdigheter innen kommunikasjon og affekttoleranse er viktig. Barns behov kan ivaretas gjennom veiledning og råd til foreldre, men en samtale med sykepleier, eller annet helsepersonell, bør også gjennomføres. I hjemmesykepleien står en i en særskilt posisjon med flere muligheter

Alien species in Norway: results from quantitative ecological impact assessments

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures

Alien species in Norway: results from quantitative ecological impact assessments

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures

Alien species in Norway: Results from quantitative ecological impact assessments

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures

Fremmede arter i Norge: resultater fra kvantitative økologiske risikovurderinger

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures.1. Globalisering, handel og transport fører til en dramatisk økning i spredningen av fremmede arter. Noen fremmede arter er skadelige og truer det stedegne naturmangfoldet. Lokalt kan dette medføre irreversible endringer i det lokale biologiske mangfoldet og økosystemenes funksjon; globalt en homogenisering av artssammensetningen. 2. Vi har gjennomført risikovurderinger av alle fremmede planter, dyr, sopper og alger som reproduserer i Norge og oppfyller visse avgrensninger. Svalbard og Jan Mayen ble behandla som et eget vurderingsområde, adskilt fra Fastlands‐Norge. Risikovurderingene ble gjort i tråd med GEIAA (Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species), som benytter et rent kvantitativt kriteriesett. 3. Totalt ble 1519 arter risikovurdert, hvorav 1183 reproduserte i Fastlands‐Norge. Av disse ble 9 % vurdert til å utgjøre en svært høy risiko, 7 % en høy risiko, 7 % en potensielt høy risiko, 49 % en lav risiko og 29 % ingen kjent risiko. På Svalbard forekom 16 reproduserende fremmede arter, hvorav én med svært høy risiko. 4. Risikovurderingene omfatta også 319 såkalte dørstokkarter, dvs. fremmede arter som antas å kunne etablere seg i Norge innen 50 år, samt 12 regionalt fremmede arter. Blant dørstokkartene ble 8 % og 10 % vurdert til å utgjøre en svært høy respektive høy risiko. 5. For de fleste arter ble risikokategorien bestemt av artenes interaksjoner med stedegne arter, tilstandsendringer i trua naturtyper eller genetisk forurensning. Andelen av fremmede arter med høy eller svært høy risiko varierte signifikant på tvers av ulike introduksjonsveier, artsgrupper, tidspunkt for introduksjon og koloniserte naturtyper, men ikke på tvers av opphavsområder. 6. Gitt det store antallet av fremmede arter som reproduserer i Norge, og overvekten av arter som har lav risiko, er det verken realistisk eller nødvendig å utrydde alle. Resultatene våre kan hjelpe forvaltningsmyndighetene på to måter. For det første gjør bruken av kvantitative kriterier det lettere å prioritere ressurser på tvers av arter. For det andre kan passende forvaltningstiltak utarbeides på grunnlag av den innsamla bakgrunnsinformasjonen om artene, f.eks. deres spredningsveier, forekomstareal og berørte naturtyper.publishedVersionpublishedVersio

Alien species in Norway: results from quantitative ecological impact assessments

1. Due to globalisation, trade and transport, the spread of alien species is increasing dramatically. Some alien species become ecologically harmful by threatening native biota. This can lead to irreversible changes in local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and, ultimately, to biotic homogenisation. 2. We risk-assessed all alien plants, animals, fungi and algae, within certain delimitations, that are known to reproduce in Norway. Mainland Norway and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard plus Jan Mayen were treated as separate assessment areas. Assessments followed the Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (GEIAA) protocol, which uses a fully quantitative set of criteria. 3. A total of 1519 species were risk-assessed, of which 1183 were species reproducing in mainland Norway. Among these, 9% were assessed to have a severe impact, 7% high impact, 7% potentially high impact, and 49% low impact, whereas 29% had no known impact. In Svalbard, 16 alien species were reproducing, one of which with a severe impact. 4. The impact assessments also covered 319 so-called door-knockers, i.e. species that are likely to establish in Norway within 50 years, and 12 regionally alien species. Of the door-knockers, 8% and 10% were assessed to have a severe and high impact, respectively. 5. The impact category of most species was driven by negative interactions with native species, transformation of threatened ecosystems, or genetic contamination. The proportion of alien species with high or severe impact varied significantly across the different pathways of introduction, taxonomic groups, time of introduction, and the environments colonised, but not across continents of origin. 6. Given the large number of alien species reproducing in Norway and the preponderance of species with low impact, it is neither realistic nor necessary to eradicate all of them. Our results can guide management authorities in two ways. First, the use of quantitative assessment criteria facilitates the prioritisation of management resources across species. Second, the background information collected for each species, such as introduction pathways, area of occupancy and ecosystems affected, helps designing appropriate management measures

A családi szerepek és a szocializáció változásának bemutatása

Célom a dolgozattal és a kutatással, hogy rávilágítsak településünk gyermekinek szocializációjának buktatóihoz vezető problémákra, utat találjak az esetleges megoldáshoz, a problémák kiküszöböléséhez, és ezzel tudatosabban tudjak részt vállalni a problémás gyermekek szocializálásában, közösségformálásában. Munkám során abból indultam ki, hogy az ember szükségszerűen kapcsolatba kerül a közösségi életformával, mindenekelőtt családja van és óvodai, majd iskolai keretek között tanul. Dolgozatomban azt elemeztem, hogy milyen formában lehet létjogosultsága a közösségeknek a szocializáció során, hogyan valósul meg a közösségi nevelés a családban és az óvodai csoportban. A téma feldolgozása során kutattam, megfigyeltem, milyen a szülők nevelési attitűdje, hogyan viszonyulnak a szocializációhoz (óvodai szokásrendszerhez). Milyen a gyermekek viszonya egymáshoz (más-más családi háttérből érkező gyermekek szocializációja). Milyen módon befolyásolja a média hatása a szocializációt.BSc/BAÓvodapedagógu

Alien plants, animals, fungi and algae in Norway: an inventory of neobiota

We present the results of an inventory and status assessment of alien species in Norway. The inventory covered all known multicellular neobiota, 2496 in total, 1039 of which were classified as naturalised. The latter constitute c. 3% of all species known to be stably reproducing in Norway. These figures are higher than expected from Norway’s latitude, which may be due a combination of climatic and historical factors, as well as sampling effort. Most of the naturalised neobiota were plants (71%),followed by animals (21%) and fungi (8%). The main habitat types colonised were open lowlands (79%), urban environments (52%) and woodlands (42%). The main areas of origin were Europe (67%), North America (15%) and Asia (13%). For most taxa, the rate of novel introductions seems to have been increasing during recent decades. Within Norway, the number of alien species recorded per county was negatively correlated with latitude and positively correlated with human population density. In the high-Arctic territories under Norwegian sovereignty, i.e. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 104 alien species were recorded, of which 5 were naturalised