Utvärdering av vattenreningsmetoder och identifiering av bästa vattenrening teknik för Kristineberg gruvområde

Mining of pyrite-rich ore deposits produces large volumes of acid mine drainage, which has low pH and high concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates. Upcoming Swedish environmental regulations aim to decrease maximum allowed concentrations of metals in water discharged to natural water bodies. Conventional processes are not able to achieve the upcoming requirements, which leads to demand for new solutions. This thesis identifies water treatment methods that could potentially be used to treat mine drainage from Kristineberg mine in northern Sweden to comply with the proposed requirements. This work evaluates chemical methods of acid mine drainage treatment with particular focus on precipitation of metals as hydroxides and sulfides. Co-precipitation and adsorption of metals by ferric hydroxide and manganese dioxide as polishing step after neutralization were also investigated. The work was done by modelling and laboratory experiments with mine drainage obtained from Kristineberg mine area. It was found that neutralization of mine drainage and hydroxide precipitation of metals could not reach the proposed requirements for arsenic and copper. Applying Fenton reagent and manganese oxidation as a polishing step improved removal of all metals, but residual As and Cu concentrations were still slightly higher than required. Sulfide precipitation of metals after removal of iron and aluminium as hydroxides showed better removal of copper, but removal of nickel was not achieved. Removal of uranium was also worse than that achieved by neutralization. However, because sulfide precipitation produces less sludge and makes metals recovery possible, the study concluded that it is a more attractive option for Kristineberg mine drainage treatment. But additional studies are required to find optimum conditions for nickel removal. Conducting bench-scale experiments with hydrogen sulfide gas as a sulfide source is recommended. The study found that both neutralization with polishing and sulfide precipitation would reach lower effluent metal concentrations than those reached by the existing Kristineberg water treatment plant. But it was concluded that the proposed discharge requirements are unrealistically low, especially for As, and it is likely that a full-scale water treatment plant would not be able to consistently reach these limits for all the specified metals.Utvinning av pyrit-rika malm producerar stora mängder av surt gruvvatten, som har lågt pH och höga koncentrationer av tungmetaller och sulfat. Nya svenska miljöföreskrifter strävar efter att minska maximalta tillåtna metallkoncentrationer i vatten som släpps ut i naturliga vattendrag. Konventionella processer kan inte möta de kommande kraven, vilket leder till en efterfrågan på nya processlösningar. Det här examensarbetet identifierar vattenbehandlingsmetoder som potentiellt kan användas för att behandla gruvvatten från Kristinebergsgruvan i norra Sverige för att kunna följa de föreslagna kraven. Det här arbetet utvärderar kemiska metoder för behandling av surt gruvvatten med särskild inriktning på utfällning av metaller som hydroxider och sulfider. Samutfällning och adsorption av metaller med järnhydroxid och mangandioxid som poleringssteg efter kalkning undersöktes också. Arbetet gjordes genom modellering och laboratorieexperiment med gruvvatten från Kristinebergsgruvan. Det konstaterades att kalkning av gruvvatten och hydroxidutfällning av metaller inte kunde möta de nya kraven för arsenik och koppar. Men med hjälp av Fenton-reagens eller manganoxidation som ett poleringssteg förbättrades avlägsnandet av metaller. Användning av sulfidutfällning av metaller efter borttagning av järn och aluminium som hydroxider visade bättre utfällning av koppar, men nickel-kravet uppnåddes inte. Avslängande av uran var också sämre an med kalkning av gruvvatten. Men eftersom sulfidutfällning producerar mindre mängder av slam och gör det möjligt att återvinna metaller, konstaterades att det är ett mer attraktivt alternativ för behandling av det sura vattnet från Kristinebergsgruvan. Men ytterligare studier krävs för att hitta optimala förhållanden för att ta bort nickel. Genomförande av experiment i bänkskala med vätesulfidgas som sulfidreagens rekommenderas. Studien visade att både neutralisering med poleringssteg och sulfidutfällning skulle nå lägre metallkoncentrationer än de som nås i det befintliga vattenreningsverket i Kristineberg. Sammanfattningsvis konstaterades att de föreslagna utsläppskraven är orealistiskt låga, särskilt för As. Mest troligt kommer det blir svårt i en fullskalig anläggning att ständigt möta utsläppskraven för alla specifika metaller

INVESTMENT MARKETING: TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FINANCIAL POLICY OF THE ORGANIZATIONS

The possibility of applying marketing technologies in the conditions of realization of investment projects when the financial-economic policy of Russian enterprises at the present stage are discussed. The analysis of existing methods of investment marketing in the Russian Federation taking into account the potential development of the main methods used by Russian investors is considered. The means of evaluating the effectiveness of investments in marketing in order to monitor ongoing marketing activities for timely adjustments to the selected strategy and financial policy of the company are dedicated and systemated. The main directions of the development and assessment of marketing potential investments for the creation of new spheres of production and spheres of maintenance, reconstruction and upgrading of existing industries are defined

USING CONCESSIONAL TAXATION METHODS FOR INVESTMENT MARKETING PROJECTS IMPLEMENTING

Authors analyze problems of tax policy to stimulate investment activity of companies and suggest ways of developing tax legislation. Authors consider tax policy at conditions of investment activity increasing and introduction of innovations. Tax benefits are considered as one of the main instruments of tax policy. Authors offer to create and introduce the method of submitting tax benefits in the legislation of Russian Federation. The most typical problems of a complex economic assessment of tax optimization and collecting of taxes in Russian Federation are allocated. Authors take into consideration such important factor as investment marketing. Possibilities of investment marketingapplication in organizations, interrelation with taxes instruments are analyzed

USING CONCESSIONAL TAXATION METHODS FOR INVESTMENT MARKETING PROJECTS IMPLEMENTING

Authors analyze problems of tax policy to stimulate investment activity of companies and suggest ways of developing tax legislation. Authors consider tax policy at conditions of investment activity increasing and introduction of innovations. Tax benefits are considered as one of the main instruments of tax policy. Authors offer to create and introduce the method of submitting tax benefits in the legislation of Russian Federation. The most typical problems of a complex economic assessment of tax optimization and collecting of taxes in Russian Federation are allocated. Authors take into consideration such important factor as investment marketing. Possibilities of investment marketingapplication in organizations, interrelation with taxes instruments are analyzed

PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAXATION OF PHYSICAL PERSONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article reveals the prospects for the development of taxation of individuals in the Russian Federation, the need for the formation of legislation in this area is substantiated. The main aspects of the state tax policy in the issues of introduction of the alternative system of family taxation are considered. The possibilities of using foreign experience in the Russian Federation for developing the main provisions of tax administration in this area are singled out. In particular, it is planned to introduce amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation, to determine the status of the family as a separate category of taxpayers, a specific definition of the tax base and the provision of tax incentives as the main instruments for managing family taxation at the present stage

MODERN PROBLEMS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAX RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEA AND SEVASTOPOL

The authors systematically reviewed special regimes of activity in the Republic of Crimea, including a special tax regime. The authors selected problems in the field of taxation in the regions: disputes between tax authorities and organizations upon payment of taxes for 2014; taxation of organizations that have not been re-registered tax burden, assessment of the effectiveness of tax benefits

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TAXATION AT CORPORATE FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS

The article analyzes the impact of international tax policy on stimulation of investment activity of Russian and foreign companies. The necessity of development of legislation in this area. The possibilities of making corporate financial decisions in the context of enhancing the implementation of international financial relations. The conditions of optimization of tax liabilities in terms of risk the international investment activities of organizations

Use of information technologies of visualization in the process of creating computer graphics

In the twenty-first century, it is difficult to imagine an area in which computers and specialized programs would not be used. Computer graphics has become one of the most popular areas of computer technology, used in many areas, including design. The aim of the thesis is to determine the importance of information technology in design and to study the main tools for processing and creating content in design. The results of research of information technologies of visualization in design are given in this paper. Based on the analysis of visualization technologies in design, the main tools for creating, storing and processing graphic models and their images are identified. the effectiveness of computer technology and their importance in various spheres of life including design as a kind of philosophy, which involves considerable research, negotiation, reflection, interactive adjustment and re-design. Without graphic editors and their capabilities, many tasks would be simply impossible, and we would not have the tools to create and develop content as we do now. Nowadays more and more companies are creating programs that meet their needs and allow them to perform their tasks faster and more efficiently

MODERN PROBLEMS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAX RELATIONS IN THE CRIMEA AND SEVASTOPOL

The authors systematically reviewed special regimes of activity in the Republic of Crimea, including a special tax regime. The authors selected problems in the field of taxation in the regions: disputes between tax authorities and organizations upon payment of taxes for 2014; taxation of organizations that have not been re-registered tax burden, assessment of the effectiveness of tax benefits

Transformation of the regulation of liability for tax offenses in the Russian Federation

The issues of changes in the tax legislation of the Russian Federation, the system of regulation of tax control in the application of liability for tax offenses have been raised. The problems of tax administration in the sphere of taxation have been considered, as well as the prospects and directions offurther development and expansion of the applied methods of management of tax relations in the Russian Federation have been determined. The ways of improving tax regulation and improving the efficiency of taxation and tax control in the transformation of the regulation of liability for tax offenses have been offered