Pakistan’s Public Debt: The shocks and aftershocks

Public debt is an important means of bridging government financing gaps. Effective and efficient utilization of public debt can increase economic growth. However, excessive reliance on public debt raises macroeconomic problems. A large gap between revenue and expenditure forces a country to obtain debt. Debt thus obtained further deteriorates expenditure side. High level of public debt holds back the government to meet its macroeconomic objectives of economic growth, price stability and a viable balance of payment. The major implications are sluggish economic growth, macroeconomic uncertainty, decreasing development, investment crowding out, inflation, higher unemployment, deteriorating social conditions and rising poverty causing economic destabilization which itself leads to destabilization of the state. Nation of such a country is often involved in corruption, organized riots, violent protests, strikes, man-slaughter, terrorism and other such crimes. In case of Pakistan, the major cause of poor economic performance is extraordinary burden of both domestic and external debt. The current situation is unsustainable and if it is not altered immediately than collapse of Pakistan’s economy is for certain. It is therefore essential for the government to plan and place policies and structural reforms to take charge of the havoc being played by unsustainable level of public debt.Public Debt; Economic Growth; Macroeconomic Instability; Pakistan Economy

Is external debt an effective way of bringing economic reforms?

This paper investigates the adverse effects of external debt on economic performance. In order to cater the issue of errors in mathematical model developed to analyze the correlation, this paper deals by performing a hypothetical analysis on economic growth within a country at different levels of external debt. The analysis is done on all sectors at the same time to ensure maximum accuracy. The paper concludes that debt itself is not an effective way of helping underdeveloped countries. This study adds in finding effective means which will allow underdeveloped countries to get a foothold on the development ladder of economy.External Debt; Growth; Pakistan Economy; Debt overhang; Crowding out

Pakistan’s Public Debt: The shocks and aftershocks

Public debt is an important means of bridging government financing gaps. Effective and efficient utilization of public debt can increase economic growth. However, excessive reliance on public debt raises macroeconomic problems. A large gap between revenue and expenditure forces a country to obtain debt. Debt thus obtained further deteriorates expenditure side. High level of public debt holds back the government to meet its macroeconomic objectives of economic growth, price stability and a viable balance of payment. The major implications are sluggish economic growth, macroeconomic uncertainty, decreasing development, investment crowding out, inflation, higher unemployment, deteriorating social conditions and rising poverty causing economic destabilization which itself leads to destabilization of the state. Nation of such a country is often involved in corruption, organized riots, violent protests, strikes, man-slaughter, terrorism and other such crimes. In case of Pakistan, the major cause of poor economic performance is extraordinary burden of both domestic and external debt. The current situation is unsustainable and if it is not altered immediately than collapse of Pakistan’s economy is for certain. It is therefore essential for the government to plan and place policies and structural reforms to take charge of the havoc being played by unsustainable level of public debt

Is external debt an effective way of bringing economic reforms?

This paper investigates the adverse effects of external debt on economic performance. In order to cater the issue of errors in mathematical model developed to analyze the correlation, this paper deals by performing a hypothetical analysis on economic growth within a country at different levels of external debt. The analysis is done on all sectors at the same time to ensure maximum accuracy. The paper concludes that debt itself is not an effective way of helping underdeveloped countries. This study adds in finding effective means which will allow underdeveloped countries to get a foothold on the development ladder of economy

Is external debt an effective way of bringing economic reforms?

This paper investigates the adverse effects of external debt on economic performance. In order to cater the issue of errors in mathematical model developed to analyze the correlation, this paper deals by performing a hypothetical analysis on economic growth within a country at different levels of external debt. The analysis is done on all sectors at the same time to ensure maximum accuracy. The paper concludes that debt itself is not an effective way of helping underdeveloped countries. This study adds in finding effective means which will allow underdeveloped countries to get a foothold on the development ladder of economy

Pakistan’s Public Debt: The shocks and aftershocks

Public debt is an important means of bridging government financing gaps. Effective and efficient utilization of public debt can increase economic growth. However, excessive reliance on public debt raises macroeconomic problems. A large gap between revenue and expenditure forces a country to obtain debt. Debt thus obtained further deteriorates expenditure side. High level of public debt holds back the government to meet its macroeconomic objectives of economic growth, price stability and a viable balance of payment. The major implications are sluggish economic growth, macroeconomic uncertainty, decreasing development, investment crowding out, inflation, higher unemployment, deteriorating social conditions and rising poverty causing economic destabilization which itself leads to destabilization of the state. Nation of such a country is often involved in corruption, organized riots, violent protests, strikes, man-slaughter, terrorism and other such crimes. In case of Pakistan, the major cause of poor economic performance is extraordinary burden of both domestic and external debt. The current situation is unsustainable and if it is not altered immediately than collapse of Pakistan’s economy is for certain. It is therefore essential for the government to plan and place policies and structural reforms to take charge of the havoc being played by unsustainable level of public debt

Quality of life and its determinants in adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment in Pakistan.

Objective: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Likewise, in Pakistan, it is a major health problem, with an approximate increase each year. Cancer treatment, particularly chemotherapy, produces a detrimental effect on individuals\u27 well-being. Since the past few years, quality of life (QOL) is considered as the primary goal of cancer treatment in patients\u27 survival. This study aimed to assess the QOL and its determinants in adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional design was employed to achieve the study objectives, utilizing consecutive sampling technique. A total of 150 adult (\u3e19 years) cancer patients were recruited from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. The data were collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General, a QOL questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was run to determine the effect of predictor variables, with a mean QOL score. Results: The overall mean score of QOL as 57.37. The domains of physical and emotional well-being were mainly affected by the chemotherapy treatment. Variables such as no previous hospitalization and no significant changes in life events were positively associated with the QOL. On the other hand, being female, unemployed, chemotherapy side effects (\u3e1 week), impaired socialization, and discrimination by family/relatives were negatively associated with the QOL. Conclusions: The study findings suggested an overall low QOL among adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. It is recognized as a stressful treatment, which adversely affects the QOL of cancer patients. Interventions should focus on both the physical and psychological issues and need to be addressed to improve the QOL of adult cancer patients

Hill Climbing-Based Efficient Model for Link Prediction in Undirected Graphs

Link prediction is a key problem in the field of undirected graph, and it can be used in a variety of contexts, including information retrieval and market analysis. By “undirected graphs”, we mean undirected complex networks in this study. The ability to predict new links in complex networks has a significant impact on society. Many complex systems can be modelled using networks. For example, links represent relationships (such as friendships, etc.) in social networks, whereas nodes represent users. Embedding methods, which produce the feature vector of each node in a graph and identify unknown links, are one of the newest approaches to link prediction. The Deep Walk algorithm is a common graph embedding approach that uses pure random walking to capture network structure. In this paper, we propose an efficient model for link prediction based on a hill climbing algorithm. It is used as a cost function. The lower the cost is, the higher the accuracy for link prediction between the source and destination node will be. Unlike other algorithms that predict links based on a single feature, it takes advantage of multiple features. The proposed method has been tested over nine publicly available datasets, and its performance has been evaluated by comparing it to other frequently used indexes. Our model outperforms all of these measures, as indicated by its higher prediction accuracy

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Author Age and Gender Identification

Author profiling is part of information retrieval in which different perspectives of the author are observed by considering various characteristics like native language, gender, and age. Different techniques are used to extract the required information using text analysis, like author identification on social media and for Short Text Message Service. Author profiling helps in security and blogs for identification purposes while capturing authors’ writing behaviors through messages, posts, comments, blogs, comments, and chat logs. Most of the work in this area has been done in English and other native languages. On the other hand, Roman Urdu is also getting attention for the author profiling task, but it needs to convert Roman-Urdu to English to extract important features like Named Entity Recognition (NER) and other linguistic features. The conversion may lose important information while having limitations in converting one language to another language. This research explores machine learning techniques that can be used for all languages to overcome the conversion limitation. The Vector Space Model (VSM) and Query Likelihood (Q.L.) are used to identify the author’s age and gender. Experimental results revealed that Q.L. produces better results in terms of accuracy

Efficient Link Prediction Model For Real-World Complex Networks Using Matrix-Forest Metric With Local Similarity Features

Link prediction in a complex network is a difficult and challenging issue to address. Link prediction tries to better predict relationships, interactions and friendships based on historical knowledge of the complex network graph. Many link prediction techniques exist, including the common neighbour, Adamic-Adar, Katz and Jaccard coefficient, which use node information, local and global routes, and previous knowledge of a complex network to predict the links. These methods are extensively used in various applications because of their interpretability and convenience of use, irrespective of the fact that the majority of these methods were designed for a specific field. This study offers a unique link prediction approach based on the matrix-forest metric and vertex local structural information in a real-world complex network. We empirically examined the proposed link prediction method over 13 real-world network datasets obtained from various sources. Extensive experiments were performed that demonstrated the superior efficacy of the proposed link prediction method compared to other methods and outperformed the existing state-of-the-art in terms of prediction accuracy