21 research outputs found
Comparison of different twin-screw extraction conditions for the production of arabinoxylans
The aim of this article is to compare two different sets of optimal conditions for twin-screw extraction of xylans and define their influence on the purification steps, combining ultrafiltration and industrial chromatography. Two xylan extracts were obtained by twin-screw extrusion of straw and bran. Condition 1 used a high straw/bran ratio (equal to 6) and high sodium hydroxide content, and condition 2 used a lower straw/bran ratio (equal to 2) and low sodium hydroxide content. Arabinoxylan extraction yields are slightly higher for conditions with low straw content (5.1% versus 4.4%). Nevertheless, these recovery yields remain between 9% and 10%. Ultrafiltration is as efficient as evaporation for polysaccharide concentration, with lower energy consumption, but also demineralizes the solution. The combination of ultrafiltration and chromatography gives partial purification of the extract with a final arabinoxylan purity ranging from 16% to 26%. This is slightly higher than by direct precipitation, but limited because all the large molecules such as proteins and lignins were retained by ultrafiltration
Performance evaluation of a semi-industrial production process of arabinoxylans from wheat bran
A process for hemicellulose fractionation and purification from wheat straw and bran has been investigated. The aim was to define the efficiency of a pilot scale process combining twin-screw extrusion and refining steps such as ultrafiltration and chromatography, to replace alcoholic precipitation. Extraction by twin-screw extrusion gave a complex extract containing only 22.7% carbohydrates. Evaporation (EV) followed by ethanol precipitation (P) and freeze-drying (FD), gave a 25.7% arabinoxylan yield with 24.1% arabinoxylan content. The other purification process studied was based on a combination of ultrafiltration (UF), anion exchange chromatography (CHR) and freeze-drying (FD), without precipitation. It gave a 24.3% yield of arabinoxylans into the hemicellulosic powders and 13.9% arabinoxylan content. Despite the obvious interest of using ultrafiltration for demineralization and anion exchange chromatography for decoloration, the purity of the final powder is still too low, because of difficulties in achieving separation of proteins and hemicelluloses and concentration of the solution, in the same step
ECMO for COVID-19 patients in Europe and Israel
Since March 15th, 2020, 177 centres from Europe and Israel have joined the study, routinely reporting on the ECMO support they provide to COVID-19 patients. The mean annual number of cases treated with ECMO in the participating centres before the pandemic (2019) was 55. The number of COVID-19 patients has increased rapidly each week reaching 1531 treated patients as of September 14th. The greatest number of cases has been reported from France (n = 385), UK (n = 193), Germany (n = 176), Spain (n = 166), and Italy (n = 136) .The mean age of treated patients was 52.6 years (range 16â80), 79% were male. The ECMO configuration used was VV in 91% of cases, VA in 5% and other in 4%. The mean PaO2 before ECMO implantation was 65 mmHg. The mean duration of ECMO support thus far has been 18 days and the mean ICU length of stay of these patients was 33 days. As of the 14th September, overall 841 patients have been weaned from ECMO
support, 601 died during ECMO support, 71 died after withdrawal of ECMO, 79 are still receiving ECMO support and for 10 patients status n.a. . Our preliminary data suggest that patients placed
on ECMO with severe refractory respiratory or cardiac failure secondary to COVID-19 have a reasonable (55%) chance of survival. Further extensive data analysis is expected to provide invaluable information on the demographics, severity of illness, indications and different ECMO management strategies in these patients
Atlas de lâĂ©levage herbivore filiĂšres innovantes, territoires vivants
National audience" Que serait la France sans ruminants pĂąturant dans des prairies, sans Ă©leveurs, sans filiĂšres de transformation et sans produits animaux avec toute la gastronomie associĂ©e ? » Atlas de l'Ă©levage herbivore en France FiliĂšres innovantes, territoires vivants Plus de 90 cartes et infographies dressant un panorama de l'Ă©levage herbivore et de ses filiĂšres en France pour mieux comprendre leur rĂŽle clĂ© dans nos territoires. Une vision des productions bovines, ovines, caprines et Ă©quines françaises dans un contexte mondial en pleine Ă©volution. Une immersion dans l'univers de l'Ă©levage et de ses filiĂšres, au plus prĂšs de leurs acteurs, permettant de dĂ©couvrir d'oĂč viennent la viande et le lait que nous consommons. Un panorama des multiples services rendus par l'Ă©levage herbivore en termes de production alimentaire, de vitalitĂ© rurale, de patrimoine et d'environnement. Cet atlas prĂ©sente les rĂŽles multiples de l'Ă©levage herbivore dans nos territoires et notre Ă©conomie, et permet de cerner les dĂ©fis Ă relever pour continuer Ă produire du lait et de la viande en France, demain.
Les controverses: Approche méthodologique et application à la question de la consommation de viande rouge et des gaz à effet de serre
Depuis une vingtaine dâannĂ©es, suite Ă la crise de lâESB, le consommateur porte un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant aux conditions de production des aliments et aux pratiques agricoles mises en Ćuvre. Les dĂ©bats autour des effets environnementaux, sanitaires et sociaux de lâagriculture et de lâĂ©levage sont de plus en plus frĂ©quents et impactent lâorientation des activitĂ©s de recherche et de dĂ©veloppement. Lâanalyse de ces dĂ©bats par la sociologie des controverses vise Ă en comprendre les enjeux sous-jacents et permet une prise en compte symĂ©trique des diffĂ©rents acteurs, en les considĂ©rant chacun comme lĂ©gitime Ă porter un point de vue. A partir des mĂ©thodes disponibles, cette communication structure lâanalyse dâune controverse autour de 8 dimensions : lâobjet de la controverse, sa polaritĂ©, son extension, son intensitĂ©, sa durĂ©e, les lieux oĂč elle sâexprime, les mondes sociaux dans lesquels elle est active, et ses modalitĂ©s de rĂšglement. Ces dimensions sont abordĂ©es Ă lâaide dâentretiens auprĂšs dâacteurs engagĂ©s dans les dĂ©bats, dâune analyse bibliographique et dâune recherche dans diffĂ©rentes sources dâinformation du web. Des outils informatiques de traitement textuel et de cartographie des rĂ©seaux sont mobilisĂ©s pour traiter ces informations denses et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. A lâaune de cette mĂ©thodologie, cette communication propose les rĂ©sultats dâune premiĂšre analyse de la controverse sur la remise en question de la consommation de viande rouge du fait de lâimpact des systĂšmes dâĂ©levage sur le changement climatique
Comment évaluer les services rendus par l'élevage ? Une premiÚre approche méthodologique sur le cas de la France
Livestock plays a major role in rural areas, where it provides economic, environmental and social services. There is a pressing need to assess the multiple positive contributions provided by livestock to society. This would be useful for society in general but constitutes a new scientific topic as well. The objective of this study was to develop a framework for the assessment of the social, economical and ecological services provided by livestock in France. Combining expert knowledge and literature review, we first defined the set of services provided by livestock. We then selected indicators to quantify the services considered at the department level considering the available databases on the French case-study. We finally assessed services and their relationships (synergies or tradeoffs) on a gradient of French departments. Four main classes of services were revealed: provisioning (e.g. food quantity and quality), environmental quality (e.g. biodiversity, diversified landscapes), rural vitality (e.g. employment, rural dynamism) and cultural heritage (e.g. gastronomy, landscape quality). Four major types of services were revealed, showing contrasted levels of services provided. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the types of services sets. The main socio-economic, ecological, political and geographical determinants of service provision will be identified in further study to inform policy makers and society.LâĂ©levage joue un rĂŽle essentiel dans les territoires ruraux au sein desquels il assure de nombreux services Ă©conomiques, environnementaux et sociaux. ApprĂ©hender la multiplicitĂ© des services rendus par lâĂ©levage Ă la sociĂ©tĂ© reprĂ©sente donc un enjeu essentiel mais aussi un champ nouveau pour la recherche agronomique. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est de rĂ©aliser une premiĂšre quantification des services rendus par lâĂ©levage en considĂ©rant les dimensions Ă©conomiques, environnementales et sociales. Sur la base de rĂ©unions dâexperts et de la revue de la littĂ©rature, nous avons dâabord proposĂ© une qualification des services rendus par lâĂ©levage pour dĂ©finir le bouquet de services rendus par lâĂ©levage en France. Nous avons ensuite sĂ©lectionnĂ© des indicateurs pour quantifier des bouquets de services dĂ©partementaux Ă partir des bases de donnĂ©es mobilisables Ă lâĂ©chelle de la France. Nous avons analysĂ© les services et leurs interrelations (synergies ou antagonismes) par une typologie de bouquets de services au niveau dĂ©partemental. Lâanalyse met en Ă©vidence quatre catĂ©gories principales de services : approvisionnement (e.g. quantitĂ© et qualitĂ© dâaliments), qualitĂ© environnementale (e.g. biodiversitĂ©, hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des paysages), vitalitĂ© territoriale (e.g. dynamisme rural et emploi) et identitĂ© culturelle (e.g. gastronomie, identitĂ© des terroirs). Quatre grands types de bouquets de service ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence prĂ©sentant des niveaux contrastĂ©s dâexpression des services. Lâanalyse de leur distribution gĂ©ographique a montrĂ© une rĂ©partition non-alĂ©atoire des types de bouquets. Une perspective de ce travail consistera Ă Ă©tudier les principaux leviers socio-Ă©conomiques, politiques, Ă©cologiques et gĂ©ographiques impliquĂ©s dans la fourniture de services pour informer les dĂ©cideurs politiques et la sociĂ©tĂ©
Assessing multiple goods and services derived from livestock farming on a nation-wide gradient
Livestock farming is an essential activity in many rural areas, where it contributes to the maintenance of soil fertility and farmland biodiversity, as well as to a set of social public goods including food security, rural vitality and culture. However, livestock sustainability assessments tend to focus primarily on environmental and economic dimensions; therefore, these valuations might be limited because they do not consider the complete set of associated goods and services (GS). Hence, a need exists to recognise the multiple contributions provided by livestock to human well-being and society. The objective of this study was to analyse the provision of multiple GS derived from livestock across regions in France and empirically demonstrate sets of GS that repeatedly appeared together. We designated these multiple GS provided by livestock as contributions to productive, environmental, rural vitality and cultural benefits that human populations derive directly or indirectly from livestock agroecosystems. First, we combined expert knowledge with results of a literature review to define a bundle of GS provided by livestock. We then described indicators that quantified each good or service and screened national databases to determine the availability of supporting data. Finally, we assessed the GS and their relationships (synergies or trade-offs) on a nation-wide gradient in France at the department level (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 3). Four main categories of GS were considered: provisioning (e.g. food quantity and quality), environmental quality (e.g. biodiversity, landscape heterogeneity, water quality), rural vitality (e.g. employment, rural dynamism) and culture (e.g. gastronomy and landscape heritage). Four major types of GS bundles were identified, which suggested strong contrasts among French rural areas in terms of the nature of the GS that occurred together and their levels of provision. GS bundles in France had a non-random spatial distribution. This study represents an initial step towards developing a methodology to consider GS bundles provided by livestock. Nonetheless, further research is needed to understand socio-economic, environmental, political and geographic determinants of the composition of GS bundles
Expertise et valeur des choses au Moyen Ăge. II
Ce volume, issu dâune rĂ©flexion collective menĂ©e par une Ă©quipe scientifique principalement franco-espagnole, est consacrĂ© Ă la question des savoirs experts et des techniques de lâexpertise en matiĂšre Ă©conomique au Moyen Ăge. Les promoteurs ont privilĂ©giĂ© deux approches, sociale et institutionnelle dâune part, culturelle et technique de lâautre. Certains personnages sont dĂ©tenteurs dâun savoir particulier qui les met en situation de pouvoir dire ce que valent les choses. Tous ont une histoire : ils appartiennent Ă des institutions, ont des expĂ©riences professionnelles et des parcours qui construisent et consolident les compĂ©tences et les savoir-faire qui fondent leur expertise. Ils laissent des traces Ă©crites, souvent difficiles Ă retrouver mais entretiennent toutefois avec lâĂ©criture un rapport constant. Les apports de leur enquĂȘte doivent en effet ĂȘtre formalisĂ©s et ils trouvent leur place dans des textes souvent Ă©laborĂ©s. Les experts effectuent un travail technique qui suppose Ă la fois des gestes et des procĂ©dures qui permettent dâestimer et de mesurer ainsi quâune inscription dans un document qui rende compte et fasse preuve.Este volumen estĂĄ consagrado a la cuestiĂłn de los saberes expertos y las tĂ©cnicas de peritaje en materia econĂłmica durante la Edad Media. Los expertos realizan un trabajo que requiere procedimientos que permitan estimar y medir, asĂ como la escritura de un documento que deje constancia y sirva de prueba. En efecto, los resultados de sus investigaciones deben formalizarse y mantienen asĂ una relaciĂłn constante con la escritura en textos a menudo muy elaborados