Quelques réflexions sur la polychromie des sculptures en France dans la seconde moitié du xve et au xvie siècle

Nous présentons quelques réflexions inspirées par des textes de l’époque, mis en parallèle avec les œuvres étudiées, sans dresser un tableau complet de la polychromie des sculptures françaises de la période envisagée. Après la question des auteurs de la polychromie – sculpteurs ou peintres –, différents points sont abordés : les couches préparatoires, les revêtements métalliques (or, argent, or parti), les décors appliqués dits « brocarts appliqués », les couches colorées et les carnations.Étape finale de l’exécution, la polychromie joue un rôle fondamental dans la perception de l’œuvre sculptée. Elle précise le modelé et différencie les surfaces, suggère tout à la fois la préciosité irréelle de l’image par l’éclat de l’or et son aspect réel par le traitement illusionniste des carnations et des étoffes. Dans l’ensemble, la polychromie est au service des mêmes intentions esthétiques et religieuses en France comme dans d’autres pays d’Europe.Presented here are a few thoughts inspired by writings of the period, compared with the works studied, without establishing a complete picture of the polychromy of French sculptures during this period. After discussing the sculptors and painters who employed polychromy, various other subjects are broached: preparatory layers, metallic coatings (gold, silver, Zwischgold leaf), decorative patterns known as “applied brocades”, paint layers and flesh tints. Final stage in the production process, polychromy plays a fundamental role in how the sculpture is perceived. It heightens the modelling and differentiates the surfaces, suggesting both the irreal preciosity of the image through the brightness of the gold and its realistic aspect through the illusionistic handling of the flesh tints and the fabrics. In general, polychromy served the same aesthetic and religious purposes in France as in other European countries

Lynn L. Jacobs, Early Netherlandish carved altarpieces, 1380-1550. Medieval tastes and mass marketing. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 352 p., 91 ill. n. et bl.

Guillot de Suduiraut Sophie. Lynn L. Jacobs, Early Netherlandish carved altarpieces, 1380-1550. Medieval tastes and mass marketing. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 352 p., 91 ill. n. et bl.. In: Revue de l'Art, 1999, n°126. pp. 85-86

Saint-Geniez-d’Olt. Église de l’ancien couvent des Augustins : le retable anversois de l’Adoration des Mages dans la « chapelle des Pénitents ».

Guillot de Suduiraut Sophie. Saint-Geniez-d’Olt. Église de l’ancien couvent des Augustins : le retable anversois de l’Adoration des Mages dans la « chapelle des Pénitents ».. In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 167, n°1, année 2009. Saint-Martin-des-Champs et la genèse de l’art gothique. pp. 63-64

Les sculptures de l’ancienne abbaye de Ferrières-en-Gâtinais

Guillot de Suduiraut Sophie. Les sculptures de l’ancienne abbaye de Ferrières-en-Gâtinais. In: Michel Colombe et son temps. Actes du 124e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, « Milieu littoral et estuaires », Nantes, 1999. Paris : Editions du CTHS, 2001. pp. 73-90. (Actes du Congrès national des sociétés savantes. Section d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art, 124

Autour de Peter Trünklin : sculpteurs de Nördlingen à la fin du Moyen Age

Guillot de Suduiraut Sophie. Autour de Peter Trünklin : sculpteurs de Nördlingen à la fin du Moyen Age. In: Revue de l'Art, 1987, n°77. pp. 43-50

Constitutive differences in habituation of the glucocorticoid response to stress are related to variation in aggression and anxiety-related behaviors

Glucocorticoids coordinate responses that enable an individual to cope with stressful challenges and, additionally, mediate adaptation following cessation of a stressor. There are important individual differences in the magnitude of glucocorticoid responsiveness to stressors. However, whether individual differences in glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress are linked to different behavioral strategies in coping with social and non-social challenges is not easily studied, owing to the lack of appropriate animal models. To address this, we generated three lines of Wistar rats selectively bred for the magnitude of their glucocorticoid responses following exposure to a variety of stressors over three consecutive days at juvenility. Here, we present findings following observations of a high level of variation in glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress in outbred Wistar rats, and the strong response to selection for this trait over a few generations. When challenged with different stressful challenges, rats from the three lines differed in their coping behaviors. Strikingly, the line with high glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress displayed enhanced aggression and anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, these rats also showed alterations in the expression of genes within both central and peripheral nodes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and enhanced reactivity to acute stress exposure. Together, these findings strongly link differences in glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress with marked differences in coping styles. The developed rat lines are thus a promising model with which to examine the relationship between variation in reactivity of the HPA axis and stress-related pathophysiology and could be employed to assess the therapeutic potential of treatments modulating stress habituation to ameliorate psychopathology

Blunted Glucocorticoid Responsiveness to Stress Causes Behavioral and Biological Alterations That Lead to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Vulnerability

BACKGROUND: Understanding why only a subset of trauma-exposed individuals develop posttraumatic stress disorder is critical for advancing clinical strategies. A few behavioral (deficits in fear extinction) and biological (blunted glucocorticoid levels, small hippocampal size, and rapid-eye-movement sleep [REMS] disturbances) traits have been identified as potential vulnerability factors. However, whether and to what extent these traits are interrelated and whether one of them could causally engender the others are not known.METHODS: In a genetically selected rat model of reduced corticosterone responsiveness to stress, we explored posttraumatic stress disorder-related biobehavioral traits using ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging, cued fear conditioning, and polysomnographic recordings combined with in vivo photometric measurements.RESULTS: We showed that genetic selection for blunted glucocorticoid responsiveness led to a correlated multitrait response, including impaired fear extinction (observed in males but not in females), small hippocampal volume, and REMS disturbances, supporting their interrelatedness. Fear extinction deficits and concomitant disruptions in REMS could be normalized through postextinction corticosterone administration, causally implicating glucocorticoid deficiency in two core posttraumatic stress disorder-related risk factors and manifestations. Furthermore, reduced REMS was accompanied by higher norepinephrine levels in the hippocampal dentate gyrus that were also reversed by postextinction corticosterone treatment.CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a predominant role for glucocorticoid deficiency over the contribution of reduced hippocampal volume in engendering both REMS alterations and associated deficits in fear extinction consolidation, and they causally implicate blunted glucocorticoids in sustaining neurophysiological disturbances that lead to fear extinction deficits.</p