Chocolatine: Outage Detection for Internet Background Radiation

The Internet is a complex ecosystem composed of thousands of Autonomous Systems (ASs) operated by independent organizations; each AS having a very limited view outside its own network. These complexities and limitations impede network operators to finely pinpoint the causes of service degradation or disruption when the problem lies outside of their network. In this paper, we present Chocolatine, a solution to detect remote connectivity loss using Internet Background Radiation (IBR) through a simple and efficient method. IBR is unidirectional unsolicited Internet traffic, which is easily observed by monitoring unused address space. IBR features two remarkable properties: it is originated worldwide, across diverse ASs, and it is incessant. We show that the number of IP addresses observed from an AS or a geographical area follows a periodic pattern. Then, using Seasonal ARIMA to statistically model IBR data, we predict the number of IPs for the next time window. Significant deviations from these predictions indicate an outage. We evaluated Chocolatine using data from the UCSD Network Telescope, operated by CAIDA, with a set of documented outages. Our experiments show that the proposed methodology achieves a good trade-off between true-positive rate (90%) and false-positive rate (2%) and largely outperforms CAIDA's own IBR-based detection method. Furthermore, performing a comparison against other methods, i.e., with BGP monitoring and active probing, we observe that Chocolatine shares a large common set of outages with them in addition to many specific outages that would otherwise go undetected.Comment: TMA 201

Phase-resolved NuSTAR and Swift-XRT Observations of Magnetar 4U 0142+61

We present temporal and spectral analysis of simultaneous 0.5-79 keV Swift-XRT and NuSTAR observations of the magnetar 4U 0142+61. The pulse profile changes significantly with photon energy between 3 and 35 keV. The pulse fraction increases with energy, reaching a value of ~20%, similar to that observed in 1E 1841-045 and much lower than the ~80% pulse fraction observed in 1E 2259+586. We do not detect the 55-ks phase modulation reported in previous Suzaku-HXD observations. The phase-averaged spectrum of 4U 0142+61 above 20 keV is dominated by a hard power law with a photon index, $\Gamma$ ~ 0.65, and the spectrum below 20 keV can be described by two blackbodies, a blackbody plus a soft power law, or by a Comptonized blackbody model. We study the full phase-resolved spectra using the electron-positron outflow model of Beloborodov (2013). Our results are consistent with the parameters of the active j-bundle derived from INTEGRAL data by Hascoet et al. (2014). We find that a significant degeneracy appears in the inferred parameters if the footprint of the j-bundle is allowed to be a thin ring instead of a polar cap. The degeneracy is reduced when the footprint is required to be the hot spot inferred from the soft X-ray data.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap

L’agenciarisation de la politique d’immigration et d’asile face aux enjeux de la « crise des réfugiés » en Méditerranée

Sous l’effet de la combinaison inédite de facteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux, la Méditerranée est de ces lieux où l’histoire s’est, au cours des dernières décennies, emballée. C’est dans ce contexte que la « mer du milieu » est devenue l’épicentre de ce que l’on désigne par la formule très approximative de « crise des migrants ». Ces mouvements telluriques n’en sont probablement qu’à leurs prémices. La force d’évocation négative du syntagme suffit pourtant à éclairer la mise en tension de l’Union et des États qui la constituent. Confrontée à un défi dont on mesure qu’il met à l’épreuve l’unité même de l’Union, celle-ci a fait le choix, somme toute classique, de la novation institutionnelle. Pour anticiper, canaliser et gérer ces flux humains, elle s’est dotée en 2004 de Frontex, devenue l’Agence européenne de gardes-frontières et gardes-côtes. Cette évolution est la déclinaison dans le domaine migratoire d’une dynamique dont l’objet est de moderniser l’action publique afin d’en renforcer, dit-on, l’efficacité. On entre ainsi dans un monde où la qualité des institutions s’apprécie à l’aune de leur « performance » sans être certain que leur aptitude à respecter les droits fondamentaux compte au nombre des indicateurs pertinents. Au fond, la question est posée de savoir si l’Union est parvenue à trouver un point d’équilibre acceptable par l’ensemble de ses membres entre les impératifs de sauvegarde inhérents à sa qualité même d’espace démocratique et l’attractivité d’un éden que les damnés de la terre sont prêts à rejoindre quoi qu’il en coûte. S’affranchissant des analyses exclusivement disciplinaires, cet ouvrage nous fait pénétrer au cœur des contradictions qui minent le processus d’agenciarisation appréhendé au prisme de la « crise des migrants en Méditerranée »

Summary and Overview of the Odour Regulations Worldwide

When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sources of odour emissions range from natural to anthropogenic. Mitigation of odour can be challenging, multifaceted, site-specific, and is often confounded by its complexity—defined by existing (or non-existing) environmental laws, public ordinances, and socio-economic considerations. The objective of this paper is to review and summarise odour legislation in selected European countries (France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the UK, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium), North America (the USA and Canada), and South America (Chile and Colombia), as well as Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Asia (Japan, China). Many countries have incorporated odour controls into their legislation. However, odour-related assessment criteria tend to be highly variable between countries, individual states, provinces, and even counties and towns. Legislation ranges from (1) no specific mention in environmental legislation that regulates pollutants which are known to have an odour impact to (2) extensive details about odour source testing, odour dispersion modelling, ambient odour monitoring, (3) setback distances, (4) process operations, and (5) odour control technologies and procedures. Agricultural operations are one specific source of odour emissions in rural and suburban areas and a model example of such complexities. Management of agricultural odour emissions is important because of the dense consolidation of animal feeding operations and the advance of housing development into rural areas. Overall, there is a need for continued survey, review, development, and adjustment of odour legislation that considers sustainable development, environmental stewardship, and socio-economic realities, all of which are amenable to a just, site-specific, and sector-specific application

Rapid response to the M_w 4.9 earthquake of November 11, 2019 in Le Teil, Lower Rhône Valley, France

On November 11, 2019, a Mw 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower Rhône Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE-SW La Rouviere normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E-W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional Cévenne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics

Instrumental odour monitoring : actions for a new european standard

peer reviewedOdour concentration is measured sensorially, thus needing a human panel, whereas the measurement of odorous compounds is typically based on physical and chemical analysis. Some systems such as electronic noses try to correlate both approaches in order to measure odour instrumentally. In the domain of instrumental odour monitoring, e-noses are the main candidates, although a wide range of devices based on different sensing technologies and data processing methods can be used for this purpose. Such devices are already applied in different situations, especially for monitoring of odours in ambient air. However, up to now, there is still neither standardization nor regulatory reference for this technology. In 2015, a European working group (WG41), in the frame of technical comittee CEN/TC264 Air Quality, was established aiming to develop a standard related to instrumental odour monitoring. This paper presents the scope and the general outline of this forthcoming standard

Cannabis et schizophrénie (revue de littérature)

CLERMONT FD-BCIU-Santé (631132104) / SudocLYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les parasites intestinaux chez les macaques crabier (Macaca Fascicularis). Etude expérimentale et recommandations pour la diagnose et la gestion des rhizoflagelles et des cilies

Le Macaque crabier est actuellement le primate non-humain le plus utilisé pour la recherche biomédicale. Afin d'obtenir un modèle le plus standardisé, il est nécessaire de connaître le statut sanitaire des animaux. Les infestations parasitaires sont courantes chez les primates non-humains. L'étude effectuée au Centre de Primatologie de Strasbourg a permis de mettre en évidence une infestation parasitaire spécifique des primates provenant d'élevage. Les rhizoflagellés et les ciliés représentent la majorité des parasites retrouvés lors d'examens coproscopiques. La reconnaissance et la gestion de ces parasites sont essentielles chez des primates destinés à la recherche biomédicale.TOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocMAISONS-ALFORT-Ecole Vétérin (940462302) / SudocSudocFranceF