Las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes: un problema de salud en las Américas Emerging and reemerging diseases: a health problem in the Americas

In the Region of the Americas the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases that had the greatest impact on health, in terms of their incidence and the number of deaths that they caused during the five-year period of 1999­2003, were: malaria, yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, AIDS, anthrax, and SARS, as well as infection by hantavirus and by West Nile virus. The appearance of epidemics of emerging and reemerging diseases is related to biological, social, and economic factors. Growth in international trade, the movement of large numbers of people across national borders, the variability and genetic adaptability of the causative microorganisms, and inefficiencies in public health systems help to spread infections and epidemics. To avoid or reduce the serious effects of these epidemics, countries should give priority in their national agendas to surveillance of emerging and reemerging diseases and should implement a set of measures to combat the diseases. The most important of these measures is to develop a strategy that is based on early warning and rapid response mechanisms, with personnel and laboratories as well as communications networks that link laboratories with health service providers. This strategy should be backed by priority funding and adequate policies

Ecological studies in Pinar del Rio Province support a toxico-nutritional etiology of epidemic neuropathy in Cuba

To study risk factors of epidemic neuropathy with ecological study design, we used surveillance data to calculate cumulative incidence in 59 small areas in the most affected part of Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba. The rates ranged from 2 to 55 per 1000 inhabitants and focus group discussions consistently revealed that rural high rate areas had a monotonous carbohydrate diet because of decreased state food rations and poor access to unofficial food production due to dense populations and state tobacco production. Adjacent low rate areas had a more diverse diet due to lower population densities and private agriculture with surpluses sold on the unofficial market. Analyses of digitalized land tenure maps confirmed higher (p<0.05) neuropathy rates in state tobacco areas as compared to private agriculture areas.The epidemic peak was proceeded by the lowest ever distributed rations of meat and egg. Vitamin supplementation in March was followed by incidence decline in May. Access to the unofficial food market for urban families was estimated by family doctors using an economy index. Only one (3%) of 32 families with an index +2 SD above the mean had neuropathy compared to 186 (22%) of 859 families with average economy. The neuropathy rate among the 7 700 pregnant women in the province who received extra meat and milk rations, was 0.5/1000, whereas the rate in fertile-age non-pregnant women was 33/1000. The consistent association of monotonous carbohydrate diet and the resulting unbalanced nutritional status, aggravated by tobacco smoking is the most probable causes of the neuropathy affecting about 50 000 Cubans in 1992-93