5 research outputs found

    Astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases (I): function and molecular description

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    Introduction: Astrocytes have been considered mere supporting cells in the CNS. However, we now know that astrocytes are actively involved in many of the functions of the CNS and may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Development: This article reviews the roles astrocytes play in CNS development and plasticity; control of synaptic transmission; regulation of blood flow, energy, and metabolism; formation of the blood-brain barrier; regulation of the circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism and secretion of lipoproteins; and in neurogenesis. Astrocyte markers and the functions of astrogliosis are also described. Conclusion: Astrocytes play an active role in the CNS. A good knowledge of astrocytes is essential to understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. Resumen: Introducci贸n: Los astrocitos han sido considerados como c茅lulas de sost茅n en el SNC. Sin embargo, hoy d铆a se sabe que participan de forma activa en muchas de las funciones del SNC y que pueden tener un papel destacado en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Desarrollo: Se revisan las funciones del astrocito en el desarrollo y plasticidad del SNC, en el control sin谩ptico, regulaci贸n del flujo sangu铆neo, energ铆a y metabolismo, en la barrera hematoencef谩lica, regulaci贸n de los ritmos circadianos, metabolismo lip铆dico y secreci贸n de lipoprote铆nas y en la neurog茅nesis. Asimismo, se revisan sus marcadores y el papel de la astrogliosis. Conclusi贸n: Los astrocitos tienen un papel activo en el SNC. Su conocimiento parece esencial para comprender los mecanismos de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Keywords: Astrocyte, Neurodegeneration, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Astrocytosis, Glia, Neurodegenerative diseases, Palabras clave: Astrocito, Neurodegeneraci贸n, Prote铆na 谩cida fibrilar glial, Astrocitosis, Gl铆a, Enfermedades neurodegenerativa

    Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): funci贸n y caracterizaci贸n molecular

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    Resumen: Introducci贸n: Los astrocitos han sido considerados como c茅lulas de sost茅n en el SNC. Sin embargo, hoy d铆a se sabe que participan de forma activa en muchas de las funciones del SNC y que pueden tener un papel destacado en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Desarrollo: Se revisan las funciones del astrocito en el desarrollo y plasticidad del SNC, en el control sin谩ptico, regulaci贸n del flujo sangu铆neo, energ铆a y metabolismo, en la barrera hematoencef谩lica, regulaci贸n de los ritmos circadianos, metabolismo lip铆dico y secreci贸n de lipoprote铆nas y en la neurog茅nesis. Asimismo, se revisan sus marcadores y el papel de la astrogliosis. Conclusi贸n: Los astrocitos tienen un papel activo en el SNC. Su conocimiento parece esencial para comprender los mecanismos de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Abstract: Introduction: Astrocytes have been considered mere supporting cells in the CNS. However, we now know that astrocytes are actively involved in many of the functions of the CNS and may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Development: This article reviews the roles astrocytes play in CNS development and plasticity; control of synaptic transmission; regulation of blood flow, energy, and metabolism; formation of the blood-brain barrier; regulation of the circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism and secretion of lipoproteins; and in neurogenesis. Astrocyte markers and the functions of astrogliosis are also described. Conclusion: Astrocytes play an active role in the CNS. A good knowledge of astrocytes is essential to understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. Palabras clave: Astrocito, Neurodegeneraci贸n, Prote铆na 谩cida fibrilar glial, Astrocitosis, Gl铆a, Enfermedades neurodegenerativas, Keywords: Astrocyte, Neurodegeneration, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Astrocytosis, Glia, Neurodegenerative disease

    Histological changes in the rat brain and spinal cord following prolonged intracerebroventricular infusion of cerebrospinal fluid from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients are similar to those caused by the disease

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    Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients induces cytotoxic effects in in vitro cultured motor neurons. Materials and methods: We selected CSF with previously reported cytotoxic effects from 32 ALS patients. Twenty-eight adult male rats were intracerebroventricularly implanted with osmotic mini-pumps and divided into 3 groups: 9 rats injected with CSF from non-ALS patients, 15 rats injected with cytotoxic ALS-CSF, and 4 rats injected with a physiological saline solution. CSF was intracerebroventricularly and continuously infused for periods of 20 or 43聽days after implantation. We conducted clinical assessments and electromyographic examinations, and histological analyses were conducted in rats euthanised 20, 45, and 82聽days after surgery. Results: Immunohistochemical studies revealed tissue damage with similar characteristics to those found in the sporadic forms of ALS, such as overexpression of cystatin C, transferrin, and TDP-43 protein in the cytoplasm. The earliest changes observed seemed to play a protective role due to the overexpression of peripherin, AKTpan, AKTphospho, and metallothioneins; this expression had diminished by the time we analysed rats euthanised on day 82, when an increase in apoptosis was observed. The first cellular changes identified were activated microglia followed by astrogliosis and overexpression of GFAP and S100B proteins. Conclusion: Our data suggest that ALS could spread through CSF and that intracerebroventricular administration of cytotoxic ALS-CSF provokes changes similar to those found in sporadic forms of the disease. Resumen: Introducci贸n: La exposici贸n de l铆quido cefalorraqu铆deo (LCR) de pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotr贸fica (ELA) induce efectos citot贸xicos en cultivos celulares de neuronas motoras in vitro. Material y m茅todos: Se seleccion贸 LCR de 32 pacientes con ELA que previamente hab铆an demostrado efectos citot贸xicos. Se implantaron con minibombas osm贸ticas intracerebroventriculares (ICV) en 28 ratas macho adultas y se dividieron en 3 grupos: 9 ratas de LCR de pacientes no-ELA, 15 ratas de ELA-LCR citot贸xico y 4 ratas de una soluci贸n salina fisiol贸gica. El LCR se administr贸 por v铆a ICV de forma continua durante periodos de 20 o 43聽d铆as. Se realiz贸 la evaluaci贸n cl铆nica, electromiogr谩fica y an谩lisis de tejidos despu茅s de sacrificio a los 20, 45 y 82聽d铆as tras la cirug铆a. Resultados: Los estudios inmunohistoqu铆micos muestran da帽o en los tejidos con caracter铆sticas similares a las encontradas en formas espor谩dicas de ELA, tales como sobreexpresi贸n de cistatina聽C, transferrina y la prote铆na en el TDP-43 citoplasm谩tica. Los primeros cambios observados parec铆an jugar un papel protector por la sobreexpresi贸n de periferina, panAKT, fosfoAKT y metalotione铆nas; esta expresi贸n habr铆a disminuido al momento de analizar las ratas que se sacrificaron al d铆a 82, en el que hay un aumento de apoptosis. Los primeros cambios celulares identificados fueron la constataci贸n de activaci贸n de la microgl铆a seguido por astrogliosis con sobreexpresi贸n de GFAP y prote铆na S100B. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos parecen indicar que la ELA podr铆a propagarse a trav茅s del LCR, y que la administraci贸n ICV de ELA-LCR citot贸xico produce cambios similares a los encontrados en las formas espor谩dicas de la enfermedad. Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS experimental model, Peripherin, TDP-43, Neurodegenerative diseases, Cytotoxicity, Palabras clave: Esclerosis lateral amiotr贸fica, Modelo experimental ELA, Periferina, TDP-43, Enfermedades neurodegenerativas, Citotoxicida

    Neuroprotective Role of Hypothermia in Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury: Combined Therapies using Estrogen

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    Relationship Between Obesity, Alzheimer鈥檚 Disease, and Parkinson鈥檚 Disease: an Astrocentric View

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