CARIAA Working Paper no. 2

Includes abstract in FrenchAn optimal institutional framework for climate change adaptation is sometimes impeded by the nature of research, which focuses on a small number of contexts. This report synthesizes findings from a number of participatory action research (PAR) projects conducted as part of the Climate Change Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) program, for example: local informal institutions play a key role in enabling and/or constraining adaptation; coordination among and between institutions is essential; a well-coordinated institutional framework should take into account the three main chains of connection (horizontal coordination at the national level; horizontal coordination at the local level; and vertical coordination between national and local institutions)

Contribution of Surfactin and SwrA to Flagellin Expression, Swimming, and Surface Motility in Bacillus subtilis.

Multicellular communities produced by Bacillus subtilis can adopt sliding or swarming to translocate over surfaces. While sliding is a flagellum-independent motility produced by the expansive forces in a growing colony, swarming requires flagellar functionality and is characterized by the appearance of hyperflagellated swarm cells that associate in bundles or rafts during movement. Previous work has shown that swarming by undomesticated B. subtilis strains requires swrA, a gene that upregulates the expression of flagellar genes and increases swimming motility, and surfactin, a lipopeptide biosurfactant that also facilitates sliding. Through an analysis of swrA(+) and swrA mutant laboratory strains with or without a mutation in sfp (a gene involved in surfactin production), we show that both swrA and surfactin upregulate the transcription of the flagellin gene and increase bacterial swimming. Surfactin also allows the nonswarming swrA mutant strain to efficiently colonize moist surfaces by sliding. Finally, we reconfirm the essential role of swrA in swarming and show that surfactin, which increases surface wettability, allows swrA(+) strains to produce swarm cells on media at low humidity

Couleur de la robe chez les N'Dama de haute Casamance, Sénégal

Les auteurs ont fait une enquête en Haute-Casamance, au Sénégal, sur la répartition des couleurs de la robe chez les N'Dama locaux avec comme but final de vérifier si les animaux de couleur fauve sont, comme il est le plus souvent estimé, plus trypanotolérants que ceux porteurs de robes de couleurs différentes. Des observations faites, qui ont porté sur 1 009 animaux répartis, dans une même et seule région, en 11 troupeaux, il ressort 2 types dominants de robe: les robes froment fauves typiques de la race N'Dama (26,6 p. 100 de l'effectif total étudié) et les robes blanches ou gris clair (22,3 p. 100) qui sont l'indice d'un apport génétique du zébu Gobra dont la couleur blanche constitue une caractéristique raciale. Les autres types de robe (pie rouge, pie noire, grises mouchetées) seraient dues à l'impact génétique à des degrés divers de taurins trypanotolérants autres que les N'Dama. Les auteurs observent que les animaux à robe blanche ou gris clair sont les seuls à ne pas être présents à partir de la tranche d'âge de 12 ans. Ils discutent de cette particularité. L'étude de la valeur de la trypanotolérance de ces N'Dama en fonction de la couleur de leur robe fait l'objet d'un second article publié dans cette même Revu

Ternary Syndrome Decoding with Large Weight

The Syndrome Decoding problem is at the core of many code-based cryptosystems. In this paper, we study ternary Syndrome Decoding in large weight. This problem has been introduced in the Wave signature scheme but has never been thoroughly studied. We perform an algorithmic study of this problem which results in an update of the Wave parameters. On a more fundamental level, we show that ternary Syndrome Decoding with large weight is a really harder problem than the binary Syndrome Decoding problem, which could have several applications for the design of code-based cryptosystems

Acute complications of preeclampsia: prognosis and management at Pikine National Hospital in Dakar (Senegal)

ABSTRACTBackground: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of acute complications of preeclampsia in order to describe the epidemiological profile of the disease, to assess its prognosis and management.Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients admitted to the Pikine National Hospital from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2013 (48 months) with severe complicated pre-eclampsia. Included in this study were patients admitted or diagnosed with severe complicated pre-eclampsia and having given birth in the structure or not.Results: The incidence of severe preeclampsia in childbirth varied from 9.7% to 11.5% during the four years of our study. Patients were largely paucigest (55.7% of cases) and paucipares (58.5% of cases). The mean age was 28.14 years with extremes of 14 and 47 years. More than half of the patients (57.7%) were between 21 and 34 years of age. They were mostly married (90.7%). Three-quarters of the patients (76.8%) had proteinuria with ≥ 3 cross-bands. Thrombocytopenia was found in 9.7% of patients, hepatic cytolysis in 12.1%, and elevation of serum creatinine in 13.8%. The level of transaminases was found to be greater than 2 in the normal range in 12.1%. Complicated forms were the most represented in our study. These were acute complications, with 715 cases, or 57.3% of the patients. They were either isolated (52.8%) or associated (4.5%). These included eclampsia (24.9%), followed by retroplacental hematoma (24.6%), fetal death in utero (23.7%), HELLP syndrome (3.4%). , Acute edema of the lungs (1.5%), and acute renal failure (1.4%). The lethality was 2.4%. The causes of maternal death were dominated by eclampsia (14 cases), DIC (3 cases) and OAP (2 cases). We counted 77.7% of live births and a stillbirth of 254.5 ‰.Conclusions: Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy. Its frequency is still high in sub-Saharan Africa. In the presence of signs of severity, maternal (vital and functional) and neonatal prognosis are inevitably involved. If management is based on fetal extraction, resuscitation measures are a guarantee of maternal survival

Virtual Engineering Sciences Learning Lab: Giving STEM Education a Second Life

Engineering education in the 21st century faces multiple obstacles including limited accessibility of course resources due, in part, to the costs associated with acquiring and maintaining equipment and staffing laboratories. Another continuing challenge is the low level of participation of women and other groups historically underrepresented in STEM disciplines. As a partial remedy for these issues, we established a Virtual Engineering Sciences Learning Lab (VESLL) that provides interactive objects and learning activities, multimedia displays, and instant feedback procedures in a virtual environment to guide students through a series of key quantitative skills and concepts. Developed in the online virtual world Second LifeTM, VESLL is an interactive environment that supports STEM education, with potential to help reach women and other underrepresented groups. VESLL exposes students to various quantitative skills and concepts through visualization, collaborative games, and problem solving with realistic learning activities. Initial assessments have demonstrated high student interest in VESLL\u27s potential as a supplementary instructional tool and show that student learning experiences were improved by use of VESLL. Ultimately, the VESLL project contributes to the ongoing body of evidence suggesting that online delivery of course content has remarkable potential when properly deployed by STEM educators

Etudes comparatives sur les bovins N'Dama de haute Casamance pour évaluer leur trypanotolérance en fonction de la couleur de leur robe

Les techniques les plus modernes pour la diagnose des trypanosomoses: (technique de Woo, examen sur lames, immunofluorescence, test micro ELISA, test immunospécifique par comptage enzymatique) ont été utilisées sur du bétail N'Dama de Haute-Casamance, au Sénégal, pour vérifier si la qualité de leur trypanotolérance est en relation avec la couleur de leur robe, compte tenu de la réputation qu'ont les N'Dama de couleur fauve d'être les plus résistants. Des observations faites, qui ont porté sur 210 sujets pour les examens hématologiques et parasitaires, et sur 260 pour les études de sérologie, il résulte que les N'Dama de couleur fauve ne sont ni plus ni moins trypanotolérants que ceux à robe blanche, noire ou pie, ces derniers ayant souvent, par ailleurs, une remarquable conformation d'animaux de trait ou de boucherie. Il n'y a donc apparemment aucune raison qui justifie le choix de la seule couleur fauve comme critère de race plus résistante aux trypanosomoses. Les auteurs préconisent donc l'abandon de ce critère racial, avec le bénéfice a en attendre au plan de la sélection et de la diffusion d'animaux de cette rac

Interaction of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane with Pulsed Ar-O 2 Afterglow: Application to Nanoparticles Synthesis

International audienceThe interaction of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) with pulsed late Ar-O 2 afterglow is characterized by the synthesis of OH, CO and CO 2 in the gas phase as main by-products. Other minor species like CH, CN and C 2 H are also produced. We suggest that OH radicals are produced in a first step by dehydrogenation of APTES after interaction with oxygen atoms. In a second step, the molecule is oxidized by any O 2 state, to form peroxides that transform into by-products, break thus the precursor CC bonds. If oxidation is limited, i.e. a low duty cycle, fragmentation of the precursor is limited and produced nanoparticles keep the backbone structure of the precursor, but contain amide groups produced from the amine groups initially available in APTES. At high duty cycle, silicon-containing fragments contain some carbon and react together and produce nanoparticles with a non-silica-like structure