«Voces del pueblo». Redes de comunicación y orígenes de la opinión en el mundo hispánico (1808-1814)

With the proclamation, by the Cortes of Cadiz and the American 'juntas', of the freedom of the press, the years 1808-1814 will witness the rise of modern public opinion with the publication of many newspapers and gazettes. Outside government circles and the printed world, there are also a lot of manuscripts used by the elites in their discussions and also by lower social groups to protest and present their claims. It is through all this material that we could follow the big political debates and to analyse sociability circles and the communication networks which continue to be the space of free opinion.Los años1808-1814 ven surgir la opinión pública moderna con la proclamación de la libertad de prensa por las Cortes de Cádiz y por las juntas americanas y con la multiplicación de gacetas y periódicos. Fuera de la esfera oficial y del ámbito de los impresos, proliferan también los manuscritos que sirven tanto a las discusiones internas de las elites como a la expresión de agravios populares. Gracias a todos ellos, se pueden seguir los grandes debates políticos y analizar los lugares de sociabilidad y las redes de comunicación del mundo hispánico que sigue siendo aún un único espacio de opinión

Centre de recherches sur les mondes américains

François-Xavier Guerra, professeur à l’Université de Paris-ICarmen Salazar-Soler, chargée de recherche au CNRSJean-Michel Sallman, professeur à l’Université de Paris-X L’Euro-Amérique : un espace culturel commun Le séminaire de l’UMR 8565, qui a eu lieu pour la troisième année consécutive autour de la question des « circulations » - des personnes (1998-1999) et des choses (1999-2000) - a réuni en 2000-2001 une trentaine de personnes à chacune de ses sept séances. Organisé par François-Xavier ..

Mortalidad de aves marinas producida por luces artificiales terrestres

Artificial lights at night cause high mortality of seabirds, one of the most endangered groups of birds globally. Fledglings of burrow-nesting seabirds, and to a lesser extent adults, are attracted to and then grounded (i.e., forced to land) by lights when they fly at night. We reviewed the current state of knowledge of seabird attraction to light to identify information gaps and propose measures to address the problem. Although species in families such as Alcidae and Anatidae can be grounded by artificial light, the most affected seabirds are petrels and shearwaters (Procellariiformes). At least 56 species of Procellariiformes, more than one-third of them (24) threatened, are subject to grounding by lights. Seabirds grounded by lights have been found worldwide, mainly on oceanic islands but also at some continental locations. Petrel breeding grounds confined to formerly uninhabited islands are particularly at risk from light pollution due to tourism and urban sprawl. Where it is impractical to ban external lights, rescue programs of grounded birds offer the most immediate and employed mitigation to reduce the rate of light-induced mortality and save thousands of birds every year. These programs also provide useful information for seabird management. However, these data are typically fragmentary, biased, and uncertain and can lead to inaccurate impact estimates and poor understanding of the phenomenon of seabird attraction to lights. We believe the most urgently needed actions to mitigate and understand light-induced mortality of seabirds are estimation of mortality and effects on populations; determination of threshold light levels and safe distances from light sources; documentation of the fate of rescued birds; improvement of rescue campaigns, particularly in terms of increasing recovery rates and level of care; and research on seabird-friendly lights to reduce attraction.RESUMEN: Las luces artificiales nocturnas causan una mortalidad alta de aves marinas, uno de los grupos de aves en mayor peligro de extinción a nivel mundial. Los polluelos de aves marinas que anidan en madrigueras, y en menor medida los adultos, son atraídos y forzados a aterrizar por las luces cuando vuelan de noche. Revisamos el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la atracción de las aves marinas por la luz para identificar vacíos de información y proponer medidas para resolver el problema. Aunque las especies de familias como Alcidae y Anatidae pueden ser forzadas a aterrizar por la luz artificial, las aves marinas más afectadas son los petreles y las pardelas (Procellariiformes). Por lo menos 56 especies de Procellariiformes, más de un tercio (24) de ellas amenazadas, son propensas al aterrizaje atraídas por las luces. Las aves marinas forzadas a aterrizar han sido halladas en todo el mundo, principalmente en islas oceánicas, pero también en algunas localidades continentales. Los sitios de anidación de los petreles confinados anteriormente a islas deshabitadas están particularmente en riesgo de sufrir contaminación lumínica debido al turismo y al crecimiento urbano. En donde no es práctico prohibir las luces externas, los programas de rescate de las aves accidentadas ofrecen la mitigación más inmediata y empleada para reducir la tasa de mortalidad inducida por la luz y salvar a miles de aves cada año. Estos programas también proporcionan información útil para el manejo de aves marinas. Sin embargo, estos datos están típicamente fragmentados, sesgados y son inciertos, y pueden llevar a estimaciones inexactas del impacto y a un entendimiento pobre del fenómeno de la atracción de las aves marinas por la luz. Creemos que las acciones necesarias de mayor urgencia para mitigar y entender la mortalidad de aves marinas producida por la luz son: la estimación de la mortalidad y los efectos sobre la población; la determinación de umbrales de niveles de luz y de distancias seguras a las fuentes de luz; el estudio del destino de las aves rescatadas; la mejora de las campañas de rescate, particularmente en términos de incrementar las tasas de recogida y el nivel de cuidado; y la investigación sobre las características de la luz para reducir la atracción de las aves marinas.This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (Project ID: 330655 FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IOF)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action

Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or “golden rules,” for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice

Préface

Rares sont les travaux français sur les relations internationales qui réservent une place convenable aux rapports avec l’Amérique latine. Il existe, certes, des travaux qui étudient les relations entre la France et tel ou tel pays latino-américain, mais ils restent, la plupart du temps, dans une optique trop bilatérale et, pourquoi ne pas le dire, trop européocentriste. L'Amérique latine y apparaît trop souvent comme un sujet passif pour l’émigration, l’influence culturelle ou les investissem..

Pouvoir central et pouvoirs régionaux au Mexique à la veille de la Révolution

Porfiro Diaz's Mexico dictatorship (1877-1911) was often showed as an example of a modernizator policy bracketting regime. Other historians, and among them most of revolutionary men, deem the Porfirianship to have been a tyrannical regime, based on the weapon force. We are intending, from a complete study of the Porfirian political staff, to build a model which should account for such a remarkably steady political System, a System which had the forces inside as a very weak partner, and was actually based on a complex pyramid of clienteles (that word being used in its older meaning). This model has to be an evolutive one, so as it can make us understand the System progressive weakening from the 1903-1904 years, and thus the 1910 Mexican Revolution beginnings.La dictature de Porfirio Diaz au Mexique (1877-191 1) a été souvent présentée comme l'exemple même d'un régime politique modernisateur mettant entre parenthèses la politique. Pour d'autres auteurs, et parmi ceux-ci figurent la plupart des révolutionnaires, le Porfiriat était un régime tyrannique, fondé sur la force brutale des armes. Il s'agit ici de construire, à partir d'une étude complète du personnel porfirien, un modèle qui rende compte d'un système politique d'une remarquable stabilité qui faisait une très faible part à l'armée et qui était fondé en fait sur une pyramide complexe de clientèles (le mot étant employé dans son sens ancien). Modèle évolutif qui peut permettre d'expliquer l'affaiblissement progressif du système à partir des années 1903-1904 et de comprendre les débuts de la Révolution mexicaine de 1910.La dictadura de Porfirio Diaz en Mexico (1877-1911) ha sido presentada a menudo como el ejemplo mismo d'un régimen politico modernizador, que excluia la polftica. Para otros autores, y entre ellos se cuenta la mayoria de los revolucionarios, el Porfiriato era un régimen tirânico, fundado en la fuerza brutal de las armas. Se trata aqui de construir, a partir de un estudio completo del personal polïtico porfiriano, un modelo que explique un sistema politico de una extraor- dinaria estabilidad, en el que el ejercito ocupaba un lugar muy reducido, y que estaba, de hecho, fundado sobre una piramide compleja de clientelas (el termino se usa aqui en su sentido antiguo). El modelo es evolutivo y puede permitir explicar tanto su debilitamiento a partir de los arios 1903-1904, como los princi- pios de la Revoluciôn mexicana de 1910.Guerra François-Xavier. Pouvoir central et pouvoirs régionaux au Mexique à la veille de la Révolution. In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 66, n°244-245, 3e et 4e trimestres 1979. Histoire et politologie en Amérique Latine. pp. 343-356