Reed as a thermal insulation material: Experimental characterisation of the physical and thermal properties

The building sector plays a significant role in reducing global energy use and carbon emissions. In the European Union (EU), the building stock represents 40% of total energy use and in which cooling and heating systems represent over 50%. Portugal is one of the EU countries where the consequences of energy poverty are most evident due to the families' financial inability to adequately climate their homes. The reasons are several, but they are mainly linked to buildings' poor passive thermal performance, resulting from inadequate adaptation to the climatic context and reduced thermal insulation. Thus, it is necessary to develop solutions to increase buildings’ thermal performance and reduce their potential environmental impact, which arises mainly from the significant use of active systems. In this sense, natural building materials are a promising solution, reducing energy use and carbon emissions related to buildings. This research studies the potential use of reed found in Portugal (Arundo donax) as a thermal insulation material. Its physical characterisation and the influence of geometry configuration on its thermal performance are evaluated. Its durability was studied too. Reed stalks were used to carry out the physical and durability tests. A reed board (150 x 150 mm) was built, and its thermal performance was tested in a hotbox. According to the results, the characteristics of reeds found in Portugal make it suitable to be used as a building material. Furthermore, regardless of the configuration studied, the reeds have a satisfactory thermal performance to be used as thermal insulation, under the requirements defined by Portuguese thermal regulation, Re ≥ 0.30 (m2.oC)/W. There is a trend to the mould growth in the reed, but only under favourable conditions. Additionally, considering the abundance of reed throughout the Portuguese territory, this is an eco-friendly and low-cost option that gathers all requirements to be more used in the construction market

Mechanical and thermal performance characterisation of compressed earth blocks

The present research is focused on an experimental investigation to evaluate the mechanical, durability, and thermal performance of compressed earth blocks (CEBs) produced in Portugal. CEBs were analysed in terms of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, total water absorption, water absorption by capillarity, accelerated erosion test, and thermal transmittance evaluated in a guarded hotbox setup apparatus. Overall, the results showed that compressed earth blocks presented good mechanical and durability properties. Still, they had some issues in terms of porosity due to the particle size distribution of soil used for their production. The compressive strength value obtained was 9 MPa, which is considerably higher than the minimum requirements for compressed earth blocks. Moreover, they presented a heat transfer coefficient of 2.66 W/(m2·K). This heat transfer coefficient means that this type of masonry unit cannot be used in the building envelope without an additional thermal insulation layer but shows that they are suitable to be used in partition walls. Although CEBs have promising characteristics when compared to conventional bricks, results also showed that their proprieties could even be improved if optimisation of the soil mixture is implemented.The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the FEDER funds through the Competitively and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) and by national funds through FCT (the Foundation for Science and Technology) within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328, and of the Ph.D. grant with the reference PD/BD/113641/2015, which were fundamental for the development of this study

The potential of the reed as a regenerative building material—characterisation of its durability, physical, and thermal performances

Knowing the properties of vernacular materials is crucial to heritage conservation and to develop innovative solutions. Reed, considered to be a carbon-neutral and a carbon dioxide sink material, has been used for centuries for diverse uses. Its high availability and properties made it a popular building material, including in Portuguese vernacular architecture. An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical performance, thermal performance, and durability of the reed found in Portugal since the characterisation of this material was not found in previous studies. The influence of geometric characteristics and the presence of nodes on these properties were also analysed, and the results showed that they are irrelevant. The studied reeds were found to have an adequate thermal performance to be used as thermal insulation. Their thermal resistance (1.8 m2·°C/W) and thermal conductivity (0.06 W/m·°C) are under the requirements defined by Portuguese regulations on thermal insulation materials. Overall, the physical characteristics (moisture content, density, and retraction) are compatible to its use in the construction. Concerning durability, there was only a trend for mould growth in particular environments. The results provide valuable data to be considered in the development of new construction products based on this natural and renewable material. Additionally, considering the studied samples, the reed found in Portugal has characteristics suitable for use as a building material, especially as a thermal insulation material.FEDER funds through the Competitively and Internationalization Operational Programme (POCI) and by national funds through FCT (the Foundation for Science and Technology) within the scope of the project with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328, reVer

Metodologias de detalhamento de estruturas metálicas.

Com o crescimento da construção civil e o conseqüente aumento da demanda por elementos pré-fabricados metálicos, cresce no mercado a necessidade de profissionais aptos a desenvolverem projetos de detalhamento. O ensino do processo de detalhamento de estruturas metálicas não é fornecido, hoje, no Brasil, pelo meio acadêmico ou por centros tecnológicos, ou ainda por cursos particulares, dificultando a difusão do conhecimento técnico e a oferta de profissionais capacitados. A formação de pessoal para atuar com detalhamento ocorre dentro de indústrias e de escritórios de projeto. A necessidade de maior agilidade nos projetos de fabricação de elementos metálicos fez com que o uso de software de modelagem 3D se tornasse quase uma exigência por parte dos fabricantes. Esses softwares aceleram o processo de detalhamento, gerando, automaticamente, detalhes, croquis de fabricação, arquivos CAM e listas de material. Questiona-se o uso do software de modelagem por profissionais não capacitados para projetarem estruturas metálicas, que produzem em larga escala desenhos que podem conter erros comprometedores à segurança estrutural, gerando perdas. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar e analisar as metodologias de detalhamento de estruturas metálicas utilizadas no Brasil, através da busca por referências bibliográficas, eletrônicas e demais formas de documentação, além de visitas técnicas a escritórios de engenharia, empresas fabricantes de estruturas metálicas e empresas de prestação de serviços complementares, disponibilizando conhecimento técnico acessível sobre o assunto.With the growth of steel construction and the consequent increasing of prefabricated elements, also grows the need of professionals able to detailing projects. The professional education of detailing for steel construction is not provide nowadays, in Brazil, by universities or technological centers, neither by private courses, hampering the dissemination of technical knowledge. The training of staff to work in detailing occurs in industries and project offices. The need for agility in factoring projects has made the use of 3D modeling software became a requirement for manufactures. These software accelerate the process creating details, sketches, manufacturing, CAM files and bills of materials, automatically. It is questionable the use of a modeling software by professionals not able to design steel structures, which are producing drawings in large scale containing errors that could affect the structural safety. The objective of this thesis is to present and analyze the methodologies of detailing for steel construction used in Brazil, through the search for bibliographical and eletronics references, electronics and also others documentation forms, besides technical visits to engineering offices, steel structures manufacturing companies and complemental services companies, providing technical knowledge available about the subject