Analysis and Taxonomy of Congestion Control Mechanisms for Internet Reliable Multicast

Abstract: The research of congestion control for Internet reliable multicast is one of the most active fields in reliable multicast protocol research. Many reliable multicast congestion control mechanisms have been put forward. In this paper we present principal problems of congestion control for Internet reliable multicast, analyze solutions and difficulties of solving these problems, and then give a classification of some reliable multicast congestion control mechanisms. Lastly the future work is proposed. Key words: Internet, Reliable Multicast, Congestion Control The success of the Internet relies on the fact that best-effort traffic responds to network congestion (currently as indicated by packet drops) by reducing the load presented to the network. Congestion collapse in today's Internet is prevented only by the congestion control mechanisms [1] in TCP. Therefore, we can say, today the success of Internet owns a lot to the introduction of TCP congestion control. Reliable multicast is one of novel applications in Internet, such as software distribution, large-scale DIS, etc. Internet reliable multicast [2][3] adds the reliable data transmission function to IP multicast best-effort service [4][5][6]. However, the introduction of reliable multicast service to Internet also ha

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles Ameliorate Acute Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission through miR-30

Background. The immoderation of mitochondrial fission is one of the main contributors in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived extracellular vesicles have been regarded as a potential therapy method. Here, we hypothesized that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (hWJMSCs) ameliorate acute renal IRI by inhibiting mitochondrial fission through miR-30b/c/d. Methods. EVs isolated from the condition medium of MCS were injected intravenously in rats immediately after monolateral nephrectomy and renal pedicle occlusion for 45 minutes. Animals were sacrificed at 24 h after reperfusion and samples were collected. MitoTracker Red staining was used to see the morphology of the mitochondria. The expression of DRP1 was measured by western blot. miR-30 in EVs and rat tubular epithelial cells was assessed by qRT-PCR. Apoptosis pathway was identified by immunostaining. Results. We found that the expression of miR-30 in injured kidney tissues was declined and mitochondrial dynamics turned to fission. But they were both restored in EVs group in parallel with reduced cell apoptosis. What is more, when the miR-30 antagomirs were used to reduce the miRNA levels, all the related effects of EVs reduced remarkably. Conclusion. A single administration of hWJMSC-EVs could protect the kidney from IRI by inhibition of mitochondrial fission via miR-30

End-to-end QoS routing framework for differentiated services networks

Differentiated services (DiffServ) is the latest model proposed by Internet engineering task force (IETF) to support quality of service (QoS) in the Internet. It has flexibility and scalability advantages over the earlier model, namely, integrated services (IntServ). Currently, the DiffServ model is the preferred architecture widely accepted by Internet providers and the networking research community. The goal of the DiffServ model is to avoid maintaining large amount of state information in core routers, and carry out aggregate resource reservation at edge routers. Therefore, DiffServ calls for a very different routing framework from IntServ. In this paper, we propose two new QoS-based routing algorithms under the single service, multiple options (SiMO) framework for DiffServ architectures. These are kth-shortest QoS routing (kthQoSR) and maximum energy value QoS routing (EVQoSR). We also introduce QoS extensions to OSPF and compare it to our SiMO routing protocols. Our core routing strategy in SiMO, kthQoSR, is executed at the path level and selects one or more routes from a set of computed routes according to defined selection metrics. On the other hand, EVQoSR is a link level, online distributed routing algorithm. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed SiMO routing framework can achieve better route qualities in terms of load balancing, and network throughput