Analyse des critères nutritionnels de l'industrie alimentaire destinés à la régulation de la publicité chez l'enfant: travail de Bachelor

Introduction : En Suisse, 19 % des jeunes âgés de 0 à 18 ans sont en surpoids et 4 % souffrent d’obésité. La problématique de l’excès pondéral chez les enfants est importante, car elle a un impact direct sur la santé à l’âge adulte. L’une de ces causes est l’exposition à la publicité alimentaire. Suite à cette observation, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et les industries alimentaires suisses (Swiss Pledge) ont développé des grilles de critères nutritionnels pour réguler le marketing alimentaire auprès des enfants âgés de moins de 12 ans. But : Le but principal de ce travail de Bachelor est d’évaluer si les critères nutritionnels proposés par la Swiss Pledge et par l’OMS peuvent être appliqués au marché suisse. Le but secondaire est d’évaluer si les critères nutritionnels des industries alimentaires correspondent aux apports nutritionnels recommandés des enfants appartenant à des tranches d’âges différentes (de 1 à 12 ans). Méthode : Deux cent septante produits alimentaires ont été sélectionnés pour former un échantillon. Les critères nutritionnels de l’OMS et de la Swiss Pledge ont été analysés à l’aide de cet échantillon afin d’évaluer l’autorisation et l’interdiction de publicité des produits. Les valeurs nutritionnelles de référence de diverses sociétés savantes pour les enfants âgés de 1 à 12 ans ont été recensées. Ensuite, elles ont été comparées aux critères nutritionnels définis par les industries alimentaires. Résultats : L’analyse des deux grilles nutritionnelles à travers l’échantillon a montré que 20 % des produits alimentaires sont interdits de publicité selon la grille de l’OMS, tandis que 38 % sont interdits selon la grille de la Swiss Pledge. Les critères de l’OMS permettent de diminuer sensiblement la promotion des produits à faible valeur nutritionnelle. La comparaison des critères des industries alimentaires avec les valeurs nutritionnelles de référence des enfants montre que la moitié des catégories alimentaires a un ou plusieurs critères nutritionnels qui dépassent les apports journaliers recommandés des enfants dans toutes les tranches d’âge (de 1 à 12 ans). Conclusion : Les critères nutritionnels de la Swiss Pledge permettent d’autoriser de publicité davantage d’aliments à faible valeur nutritionnelle. Ils présentent donc plus de lacunes comparés aux critères de l’OMS. Par conséquent, la grille nutritionnelle de l’OMS est plus adaptée pour la régulation de la publicité des denrées alimentaires suisses. L’instauration d’un marketing alimentaire responsable, strict et contrôlé est nécessaire afin de protéger un maximum les enfants. Ainsi, des stratégies futures doivent être mises en place afin de trouver des compromis entre les industriels et les instances politiques. Finalement, une approche impliquant de multiples stratégie

The Real Price

This article examines the component of time and psychological price in consumer decision making. Social pricing is a critical element that determines consumer satisfaction and offers another element on which to segment the audience

Creating a Tatar Capital: National, Cultural, and Linguistic Space in Kazan, 1920-1941

This dissertation examines the introduction and implementation of Soviet nationalities policies among Russians and Tatars in the city of Kazan, an important cultural, educational, and industrial capital in the heart of Soviet Russia. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and the creation of the Tatar Republic in 1920, Kazan functioned as a laboratory in which Party-state authorities experimented with incorporating national minorities into the new socialist society under construction. Soviet nationalities policies allowed Tatars to pursue educational, political, and social opportunities denied them under the tsarist regime. Initiatives such as korenizatsiia (indigenization) and the “Realization of the Tatar Language” sought to bring national minorities into the mainstream of Soviet life by recruiting and training them to work in local Party-state apparatuses, industrial enterprises, and academic institutions. Supporting native cadres would make Soviet power seem indigenous, rather than something imposed by a new form of Russian colonialism. While these endeavors constantly ran into various roadblocks, over time they did attain some success in promoting indigenous minorities into positions of authority within the local Party-state apparatus, giving them an active role in shaping their own system of rule. Speaking to the fields of nationalities studies and urban history, this dissertation shows how residents of Kazan navigated ethnolinguistic differences and political changes in the physical and cultural spaces around them in order to create their own sense of belonging within a new kind of city, a Tatar capital whose public spaces reflected its diverse population. The first three chapters analyze the education, training, and employment of Tatars in schools, universities, and factories. The last three chapters discuss the evolution of Tatar culture, namely its expression in theater, architecture, and public festivals, as a product of I. V. Stalin’s famous dictum that Soviet minorities’ culture be “national in form and socialist in content.” Ultimately, I argue that urban space mediated how residents experienced, articulated, and responded to Soviet nationalities policies, leading to a new understanding of the place and purpose of Tatars and their traditions in Kazan.Doctor of Philosoph

Revolutionary Narrative, Revolutionary Defense: Reading Stalin's First Victim

This thesis traces a complex discourse of the self in the early Soviet era, navigating the identities both assumed by and ascribed to Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev (1892-1940), a Volga Tatar and at one time the highest-ranking Muslim in the Communist Party. After the Bolshevik Revolution, Sultan-Galiev balanced a number of influences, most particularly his Tatar nationality, his Muslim culture and faith, and his belief in the objectives of a socialist revolution. Sultan-Galiev strayed too far from ideological orthodoxy, though, which led to his 1923 arrest. Rather than trying to determine Sultan-Galiev's guilt, I assess his attempts to assert his innocence and the consequences of his failure to do so. Drawing on the field of Soviet subjectivities, I analyze the role of narrative in both the defense and vilification of Sultan-Galiev. This was more than just a conflict over policy; it delineated the power of a Soviet subject over his own story.Master of Art

Prenatal exome sequencing: background, current practice and future perspectives - A systematic review

The introduction of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies has exerted a significant impact on prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal Exome Sequencing (pES) is performed with increasing frequency in fetuses with structural anomalies and negative chromosomal analysis. The actual diagnostic value varies extensively, and the role of incidental/secondary or inconclusive findings and negative results has not been fully ascertained. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate the diagnostic yield, as well as inconclusive and negative-result rates of pES. Papers were divided in two groups. The former includes fetuses presenting structural anomalies, regardless the involved organ; the latter focuses on specific class anomalies. Available findings on non-informative or negative results were gathered as well. In the first group, the weighted average diagnostic yield resulted 19%, and inconclusive finding rate 12%. In the second group, the percentages were extremely variable due to differences in sample sizes and inclusion criteria, which constitute major determinants of pES efficiency. Diagnostic pES availability and its application have a pivotal role in prenatal diagnosis, though more homogeneity in access criteria and a consensus on clinical management of controversial information management is envisageable to reach widespread use in the near future

Addressing Cancer Disparities Among American Indians through Innovative Technologies and Patient Navigation: The Walking Forward Experience

Purpose/Objective(s): American Indians (AIs) present with more advanced stages of cancer and, therefore, suffer from higher cancer mortality rates compared to non-AIs. Under the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Disparities Research Partnership (CDRP) Program, we have been researching methods of improving cancer treatment and outcomes since 2002, for AIs in Western South Dakota, through the Walking Forward (WF) Program. Materials/Methods: This program consists of (a) a culturally tailored patient navigation program that facilitated access to innovative clinical trials in conjunction with a comprehensive educational program encouraging screening and early detection, (b), surveys to evaluate barriers to access, (c) clinical trials focusing on reducing treatment length to facilitate enhanced participation using brachytherapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for breast and prostate cancer, as AIs live a median of 140 miles from the cancer center, and (d) a molecular study (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) to address whether there is a specific profile that increases toxicity risks. Results: We describe the design and implementation of this program, summary of previously published results, and ongoing research to influence stage at presentation. Some of the critical outcomes include the successful implementation of a community-based research program, development of trust within tribal communities, identification of barriers, analysis of nearly 400 navigated cancer patients, clinical trial accrual rate of 10%, and total enrollment of nearly 2,500 AIs on WF research studies. Conclusion: This NCI funded pilot program has achieved some initial measures of success. A research infrastructure has been created in a community setting to address new research questions and interventions. Efforts underway to promote cancer education and screening are presented, as well as applications of the lessons learned to other health disparity populations – both nationally and internationally

An analysis of ecological indices and leisure participation with selected dimensions of self-concept among the elderly

The primary focus of this investigation was to assess whether or not selected ecological indices and leisure preferences demonstrated statistically significant relationships with the aged's self-concept. Gerontology, a relatively embryonic discipline, has only recently begun to examine the impact of demographic, physical and socio-psychological stresses upon the geron's self-concept. Even less attention has been given to exploring the potential of the elderly's leisure patterns towards the reduction, maintenance or enhancement of self-concept. It was this sparsity of; evidence that served as the impetus for this present investigation. Subjects for this study involved both men and women who were members of Little House, a senior citizen activity center located in Menlo Park, California. Among the members randomly selected, a total of 112 senior citizens completed all test instruments. A profile of the sample clearly suggests that the homogeneity of the sample neutralizes certain extraneous variables, while, at the same time, reducing any possible generalizations from the findings. The data were collected through the administration of two test instruments: the Ecological Indices Leisure Participation questionnaire (EILP), specifically developed for this study and the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS). Through the use of the EILP, a composite of several instruments, data were gathered on ecological indices currently considered as possible influences upon levels of selfconcept. The administration of the TSCS--a 100 item, self-descriptive instrument--served to establish a profile of the selected dimensions of self-concept. For purposes of this study, the dimensions of self-concept were limited to the instrument's major external references of Physical Self, Moral-Ethical Self, Personal Self, Family Self, Social Self, Total Self and Self Criticism. Using multiple regression analysis and t-tests as the primary statistical models, it was possible to establish a regression model for each of the seven dimensions of self-concept. In addition, statistical comparisons were made among members displaying contrasting leisure patterns. A total of 11 factors, measured by the EILP, were statistically significant (.05) in explaining increased or decreased mean scores on the seven TSCS scales. Perceived health, income, confinement to bed, frequency of visits with neighbors and relatives and the member's activity level at Little House each appeared in two or more of the final regression models. Other significant variables, appearing less frequently, were: age, marital status, employment status of the respondent's spouse and involvement in community activities. Upon examining the contrasting leisure patterns of subjects, only one factor exceeded the .05 confidence level. Specifically, new members of one year or less demonstrated significantly higher mean scores on Personal Self than their long-term counterparts of six years or more. Although the remaining comparisonsintensity of participation, contrasting activity areas and breadth of involvement--did not exceed the predetermined confidence levels, certain trends were noted. For example, subjects engaged in community or social activities consistently reflected higher mean scores when compared to the total sample population. Short-term members also accounted for higher TSCS mean scores when compared to the long-term members. In terms of intensity of activity, the more active Little House members displayed higher levels of self-concept than the less active member who attended Little House an average of less than one hour per week. Finally, the frequency distributions of several significant ecological indices, identified through regression analysis, were significantly different among groups displaying different leisure patterns. That is, higher TSCS means occurred among several groups even though their profiles suggested a reduced level of self-concept. Thus, controls for such influences, through the use of selective sampling procedures and larger sample populations, would allow for a more accurate appraisal of the relationship between the elderly's leisure preferences and patterns and his self-concept

Visualizing the Power and Privilege of Failure in Higher Education

Learning from failure is a core component to education, however it is not often deliberately taught in university courses. In addition, while the rhetoric around taking risks, embracing failure, and bouncing back is pervasive in higher education, the corresponding structural supports are lacking. The purpose of the current work is to explore ways we can visualize and illustrate the power and privilege involved with embracing and learning from failure in the context of higher education. We offer three approaches to visualizing the same set of research data exploring student and instructor experiences of failure. The first figure is structured using a Venn diagram, the second uses a mobius strip, and the third draws on both puzzle imagery and the structure of a kernmantle rope to offer a more complex rendition of power and privilege in higher education. These illustrations are intended to serve as introductory guides to this topic. This work emphasizes that power is diffuse and mutable, and we underscore the critical importance of recognizing that each person will experience power and privilege differently in different circumstances. This exploration of illustrative concepts is a place to start theorizing about how students and instructors experience, resist, or wield power as they navigate academic institutions and engage with failure.  We note that each instance of struggle, failure, or recovery exhibits specific configurations of power as multiple vectors contribute more or less strongly to the situation. The exact topography of power will change as different people, areas of the institution, or social policies and values enter the equation

Heterozygous Pathogenic Nonsense Variant in the ATM Gene in a Family with Unusually High Gastric Cancer Susceptibility

Germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in the Ataxia Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene (MIM* 607585) increase the risk for breast, pancreatic, gastric, and prostatic cancer and, to a reduced extent, ovarian and colon cancer and melanoma, with moderate penetrance and variable expressivity. We describe a family presenting early-onset gastric cancer and harboring a heterozygous pathogenic ATM variant. The proband had gastric cancer (age 45) and reported a sister deceased due to diffuse gastric cancer (age 30) and another sister who developed diffuse gastric cancer (age 52) and ovarian serous cancer. Next generation sequencing for cancer susceptibility genes (APC, ATM, BRD1, BRIP1, CDH1, CDK4, CDKN2A, CHEK2, EPCAM, MLH1, MRE11, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, RECQL1, SMAD4, STK11, and TP53) was performed. Molecular analysis identified the truncating c.5944C>T, p.(Gln1982*) variant in the ATM (NM_000051.3; NP_000042.3) in the proband. The variant had segregated in the living affected sister and in the unaffected daughter of the deceased affected sister. Familial early-onset gastric cancer is an unusual presentation for ATM-related malignancies. Individual variants may result in different specific risks. Genotype-phenotype correlations are challenging given the low penetrance and variable expressivity. Careful family history assessments are pivotal for prevention planning and are strengthened by the availability of molecular diagnoses