280 research outputs found
Exploring differences in injury severity between occupant groups involved in fatal rear-end crashes: A correlated random parameter logit model with mean heterogeneity
Rear-end crashes are one of the most common crash types. Passenger cars
involved in rear-end crashes frequently produce severe outcomes. However, no
study investigated the differences in the injury severity of occupant groups
when cars are involved as following and leading vehicles in rear-end crashes.
Therefore, the focus of this investigation is to compare the key factors
affecting the injury severity between the front- and rear-car occupant groups
in rear-end crashes. First, data is extracted from the Fatality Analysis
Reporting System (FARS) for two types of rear-end crashes from 2017 to 2019,
including passenger cars as rear-end and rear-ended vehicles. Significant
injury severity difference between front- and rear-car occupant groups is found
by conducting likelihood ratio test. Moreover, the front- and rear-car occupant
groups are modelled by the correlated random parameter logit model with
heterogeneity in means (CRPLHM) and the random parameter logit model with
heterogeneity in means (RPLHM), respectively. From the modeling, the
significant factors are occupant positions, driver age, overturn, vehicle type,
etc. For instance, the driving and front-right positions significantly increase
the probability of severe injury when struck by another vehicle. Large
truck-strike-car tends to cause severe outcomes compared to car-strike-large
truck. This study provides an insightful knowledge of mechanism of occupant
injury severity in rear-end crashes, and propose some effective countermeasures
to mitigate the crash severity, such as implementing stricter seat belt laws,
improving the coverage of the streetlights, strengthening car driver's
emergency response ability
RESEARCH ON UNBALANCED WEIGHING EXPERIMENT OF MULTI-POINT BRACED SWIVEL CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
To guarantee the safety of the swivel process, the weighing experiment before the swivel is especially important. Based on this, this paper takes a twin-tower, double-cable prestressed concrete swivel cable-stayed bridge as the background and suggests a multi-point braced swivel weighing experiment involving the joint force of the arm-brace and the spherical hinge to solve problems such as a particular obstacle in the relying project's swivelling process. Firstly, the relevant weighing experiment formulas for various circumstances were theoretically derived. The field test results were then used to calculate the jacking force at the limit state during the jacking process, which was then substituted into the relevant formulae, and the relevant parameters of the weighing experiment were calculated. Finally, the counterweight is adjusted based on the weighing results to carry out the structural rotation. The angular velocity was stable during the swivelling process, and the structure was successfully swivelled. The successful practice of a multi-point braced swivel weighing experiment involving the joint force of the arm-brace, and the spherical hinge can provide a reference for the design and construction of similar bridges
Electric pulses can influence galvanotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum
Galvanotaxis, or electrotaxis, plays an essential role in wound healing, embryogenesis, and nerve regeneration. Up until now great efforts have been made to identify the underlying mechanism related to galvanotaxis in various cells under direct current electric field (DCEF) in laboratory studies. However, abundant clinical research shows that non-DCEFs including monopolar or bipolar electric field may also contribute to wound healing and regeneration, although the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we designed a novel electric stimulator and applied DCEF, pulsed DCEF (pDCEF), and bipolar pulse electric field (bpEF) to the cells of Dictyostelium discoideum. The cells had better directional performance under asymmetric 90% duty cycle pDCEF and 80% duty cycle bpEF compared to DCEF, with 10 Hz frequency electric fields eliciting a better cell response than 5 Hz. Interestingly, electrically neutral 50% duty cycle bpEF triggered the highest migration speed, albeit in random directions. The results suggest that electric pulses are vital to galvanotaxis and non-DCEF is promising in both basic and clinical researches
Biocompatibility and safety evaluation of a silk fibroin-doped calcium polyphosphate scaffold copolymer in vitro and in vivo
For the reconstruction of cartilage and bone defects, bone repair scaffolds with porous network structures have been extensively studied. In our previous study, CPP-type bioceramics showed higher compressive strength and enhanced degradation after silk fibroin doping, and SF/CPP could be considered a suitable bioceramic for bone tissue-engineering. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and safety of SF/CPP in vitro and in vivo. The cell biocompatibility was evaluated with regard to the cytotoxicity of the scaffolds using co-culture and MTT tests in vitro. The in vivo biocompatibility of SF/CPP was evaluated by implanting the scaffolds in the subcutaneous and intramuscular regions of experimental animals. We established an experimental animal model to prepare critical-sized cranial defects and evaluated the biodegradability and osteoconductivity of the scaffolds in vivo. The results indicated that the SF/CPP scaffold yielded better biocompatibility and safety performance than the CPP scaffold in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemistry staining in vivo for OPN and OCN also indicated that SF/CPP has potential to promote the regeneration of critical-sized cranial defects. The SF/CPP scaffold has good biocompatibility and safety for experimental animals and could also serve as a potential effective bioceramic for a range of bone regeneration applications
Multi-Layered Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Multi-layered hydrogels with organization of various functional layers have been the materials of choice for biomedical applications. This review summarized the recent progress of multi-layered hydrogels according to their preparation methods: layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, step-wise technique, photo-polymerization technique and sequential electrospinning technique. In addition, their morphology and biomedical applications were also introduced. At the end of this review, we discussed the current challenges to the development of multi-layered hydrogels and pointed out that 3D printing may provide a new platform for the design of multi-layered hydrogels and expand their applications in the biomedical field
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