Fire on the early western landscape: an annotated record of wildland fire

Northwest Science, Vol. 59. No. 2, 198

Fire\u27s Influence on Wildlife Habitat on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming - Volume I: Photographic Record and Analysis

Provides 85 pairs of photos documenting changes in vegetation and wildlife habitat on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, 1872-1975. Conifers and mountain big sagebrush have increased. Willow, aspen, and deciduous shrubs have been replaced where seral to or in competition with conifers. Fire has been the most important influence on plant succession

Seventy years of vegetative change in a managed ponderosa pine forest in Western Montana : implications for resource management /

no.13

Dynamics and durability of HIV-1 neutralization are determined by viral replication

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that prevent infection are the main goal of HIV vaccine discovery. But as no nAb-eliciting vaccines are yet available, only data from HIV-1 neutralizers-persons with HIV-1 who naturally develop broad and potent nAbs-can inform about the dynamics and durability of nAb responses in humans, knowledge which is crucial for the design of future HIV-1 vaccine regimens. To address this, we assessed HIV-1-neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 2,354 persons with HIV-1 on or off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infection with non-clade B viruses, CD4+ T cell counts <200 µl-1, being off ART and a longer time off ART were independent predictors of a more potent and broad neutralization. In longitudinal analyses, we found nAb half-lives of 9.3 and 16.9 years in individuals with no- or low-level viremia, respectively, and 4.0 years in persons who newly initiated ART. Finally, in a potent HIV-1 neutralizer, we identified lower fractions of serum nAbs and of nAb-encoding memory B cells after ART initiation, suggesting that a decreasing neutralizing serum activity after antigen withdrawal is due to lower levels of nAbs. These results collectively show that HIV-1-neutralizing responses can persist for several years, even at low antigen levels, suggesting that an HIV-1 vaccine may elicit a durable nAb response