Ménage à Trois: Unraveling the Mechanisms Regulating Plant–Microbe–Arthropod Interactions

Plant–microbe–arthropod (PMA) three-way interactions have important implications for plant health. However, our poor understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms hampers their biotechnological applications. To this end, we searched for potential common patterns in plant responses regarding taxonomic groups or lifestyles. We found that most signaling modules regulating two-way interactions also operate in three-way interactions. Furthermore, the relative contribution of signaling modules to the final plant response cannot be directly inferred from two-way interactions. Moreover, our analyses show that three-way interactions often result in the activation of additional pathways, as well as in changes in the speed or intensity of defense activation. Thus, detailed, basic knowledge of plant–microbe–arthropod regulation will be essential for the design of environmentally friendly crop management strategies. © 2020 Elsevier Lt