Elevated preoperative heart rate is associated with cardiopulmonary and autonomic impairment in high-risk surgical patients

Medical Research Council/British Journal of Anaesthesia clinical research training fellowship (grant reference MR/M017974/1 to T.E.F.A.); NIHR research professorship (R.M.P.); NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Barts Health NHS Trust and from the ‘SmartHeart’ EPSRC programme grant (EP/ P001009/1 to A.M.L.); British Journal of Anaesthesia and Royal College of Anaesthetists (basic science career development award to G.L.A.); Royal College of Anaesthetists (British Oxygen Company research chair grant in anaesthesia to G.L.A.); British Heart Foundation Programme Grant (RG/14/4/30736 to G.L.A.)