Influence of Elastic Strains on the Adsorption Process in Porous Materials. An Experimental Approach

The experimental results presented in this paper show the influence of the elastic deformation of porous solids on the adsorption process. With p+-type porous silicon formed on highly boron doped (100) Si single crystal, we can make identical porous layers, either supported by or detached from the substrate. The pores are perpendicular to the substrate. The adsorption isotherms corresponding to these two layers are distinct. In the region preceding capillary condensation, the adsorbed amount is lower for the membrane than for the supported layer and the hysteresis loop is observed at higher pressure. We attribute this phenomenon to different elastic strains undergone by the two layers during the adsorption process. For the supported layer, the planes perpendicular to the substrate are constrained to have the same interatomic spacing as that of the substrate so that the elastic deformation is unilateral, at an atomic scale, and along the pore axis. When the substrate is removed, tridimensional deformations occur and the porous system can find a new configuration for the solid atoms which decreases the free energy of the system adsorbate-solid. This results in a decrease of the adsorbed amount and in an increase of the condensation pressure. The isotherms for the supported porous layers shift toward that of the membrane when the layer thickness is increased from 30 to 100 microns. This is due to the relaxation of the stress exerted by the substrate as a result of the breaking of Si-Si bonds at the interface between the substrate and the porous layer. The membrane is the relaxed state of the supported layer.Comment: Accepted in Langmui

Bestrijding van de glimslak Zonitoides arboreus in potorchidee: Literatuuronderzoek en ontwikkeling testmethoden

The orchid snail, Zonitoides arboreus, causes crop-damage in the commercial production of potted orchids in the Netherlands and in Hawaii. In Hawaii, much knowledge and experience has been gathered in the past decade regarding the control of this pest species. The existing knowledge on the biology and control of Zonitoides arboreus is summarized in this rapport. Moreover, methods were developed to test the affectivity of potential control measures. This study was funded by the Dutch Product Board for Horticulture

Approaches in complex evaluation of the marketing activities results

Development of marketing at the present stage is characterized by amplification of influence ofmarket factors on activity of the company. Interest to a rating of results of marketing activity raises in allbranches due to expansion of scales of marketing activity, development of technologies, expansion ofopportunities of a data access, innovations in the field of marketing and to researches

How to audit a known fraud

Illustration and photographs not included in Web versio

Language Development of Bilingual Russian/English Speaking Children Living in the United States: A Review of the Literature

The number of bilingual speakers in the United States is increasing. Children in particular provide unique contributions and challenges to the English-speaking communities in which they live. Various aspects of the young bilingual population have been studied, including an emphasis on the communicative abilities and trends of such children. However, there is a paucity of research regarding communication of bilingual Russian/English-speaking children. The purpose of this project is to review the existing literature on the language development of bilingual Russian/English-speaking children as compared to that of monolingual English-speaking children to establish grounds for further research about this increasing population. The findings encompass the following areas of language development: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Each area of language development is explored in regards to whether or not differences exist between bilingual children and monolingual children. The review reveals that differences do exist between the language development of bilingual children and monolingual children. There are marked variations in phonology between the Russian language and the English language, and this affects English acquisition. There are also differences in syntax, which has an impact on English acquisition and Russian maintenance. Semantics may be an area of difficulty for bilingual children, with deficits possible in both languages. Some transfer effects exist in learning English pragmatics, but bilingual children eventually come to use English pragmatic models exclusively. This literature review calls for future research in the field of communication disorders and sciences regarding assessment and treatment of bilingual children in general and Russian/English-speaking children in particular

Law Reform: A Saskatchewan Viewpoint

The term law reform has a positive connotation. It indicates that those engaged in the process are at least optimistic to the extent that law can indeed be reformed and not merely changed. A variety of legislative shapes and administrative forms of law reform agencies has been created in this country over the last ten years. The objectives of law reform have been widely discussed in law review articles and in the daily press. There emerges a sense that reforming the law by way of a permanent law reform commission is a viable endeavour. Yet there is some difference of opinion about the approach to be taken and the objectives to be achieved. The words law reform have different meanings depending upon one\u27s point of view. An attempt is made here to illustrate three points of view, each having important ramifications in terms of the work undertaken and the goals achieved. Three simplistic hypothetical models are put forward in order to highlight, in a broad way, different meanings attributed to the term law reform . In addition, the activities of the Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan will be outlined

Antisubordination and Beyond

The stature of an intellectual cannot be measured without reference to the importance and complexity of the problems he or she chooses to address. Owen Fiss has devoted his attention to some of the most significant legal problems of the last decades in his community and beyond, such as what the law demands in terms of racial integration, what sort of public intervention is admissible in order to foster a more robust public debate, what the proper role of courts in a constitutional democracy is, and the limits the Government must respect when it fights its latest enemy