Twelve Hour Longevity of the Oral Malodor-Neutralizing Capacity of an Oral Rinse Product Containing the Chlorine Dioxide Precursor Sodium Chlorite

open access articleObjectives: The objectives of this investigation were to investigate the effectiveness and longevity of an oral rinse product containing 0.10% (w/v) of the chlorine dioxide precursor sodium chlorite (1) on oral malodor in participants throughout a 12 h daylight diurnal cycle. Materials and methods: Thirty healthy participants (17 male, 13 female) were recruited to the study. Volatile sulfur compound levels (VSCs: H2S, CH3SH and (CH3)2S) were simultaneously monitored in their oral cavity air samples both before (0 h) and at 0.33, 4, 8 and 12 h after using the above oral rinse, or water as a negative control (participants refrained from oral hygiene measures during this 12 h period). The experimental design for this cross-over investigation was a mixed model ANOVA-based system incorporating treatments, sampling time-points and participants, together with their first-order interactions, as components of variance. Results: Results acquired demonstrated that the oral rinse formulation effectively suppressed VSC production in the oral environment for 12 h periods (p<0.0001, 0.0001 and 0.002 for H2S, CH3SH and (CH3)2S respectively). Mean 0 vs 12 h reductions in oral cavity H2S and CH3SH concentrations were much greater than those observed for the H2O negative control (p<10-8), but not so for (CH3)2S. Principal component analysis (PCA) a H2S/CH3SH linear combination and (CH3)2S alone significantly loaded on the first and second separate orthogonal components respectively, an observation confirming differing sources for these variable sets. Conclusions: The oral rinse explored effectively blocked VSC production in the oral cavity for a period of 12 h. This extended efficacy duration is likely to be ascribable to the ability of its active ClO2- ingredient to exert a combination of biochemical (direct VSC- and amino acid VSC precursor-consuming) and microbicidal actions in vivo. Clinical relevance: The 12 h longevity of product’s# oral malodor-neutralizing actions is of much clinical significance in view of the involvements of VSCs, particularly CH3SH, in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontiti

Cultural translations and glocal dynamics between Italy and the Low Countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth century

This paper serves as an introduction to the thematic section of the number of meetings 2015-2, dedicated to cultural exchanges between Italy and the Netherlands in the Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The article therefore provides an overview of where the cases analyzed in the individual contributions are contextualized and connected to each other in the light of the chronological development of trade. It follows from all of the studies show a wide variety of connections between Italy and the Netherlands, motivated by literary and artistic reasons, but also political, economic, religious. A privileged role in trade is reserved to brokers, who actively participate in the transnational process of transfer and adaptation, or translation, of cultural elements. The membership of a particular social group, religious or professional is crucial factor in the activities of these mediators. Stands out, besides, the local perspective on which the contacts between Italy and the Netherlands s'imperniano: Florentines, Genoese, Roman, as well as the citizens of the southern and northern Netherlands, acted with divergent interests that depended on their target communities , and that conditioned their perception of others. In this sense, the exchanges reflect not only the geographical expansion of the interests and social networks into modernity, but also their local packaging.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Peer-reviewed open research data: results of a pilot

Peer review of publications is at the core of science and primarily seen as instrument for ensuring research quality. However, it is less common to value independently the quality of the underlying data as well. In the light of the “data deluge” it makes sense to extend peer review to the data itself and this way evaluate the degree to which the data are fit for re-use. This paper describes a pilot study at EASY - the electronic archive for (open) research data at our institution. In EASY, researchers can archive their data and add metadata themselves. Devoted to open access and data sharing, at the archive we are interested in further enriching these metadata with peer reviews. As pilot we established a workflow where researchers who have downloaded data sets from the archive were asked to review the downloaded data set. This paper describes the details of the pilot including the findings, both quantitative and qualitative. Finally we discuss issues that need to be solved when such a pilot should be turned into structural peer review functionality of the archiving system

Novel methods for the characterisation of nanosponges/drug complexes with fluorimetry. Detection and Quantification in human serum

Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides formed from a cyclic structure of 1,4-linked α-D-glucopyranose units, hydrophilic on the outside, and hydrophobic within they are able to form hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions with non-polar guest molecules, including pharmaceuticals, altering their solubility and spectral properties, they are able to overcome biological barriers and be absorbed [1]. Cross-linking β-cyclodextrin with epichlorohydrin can create polymers, with modifiable properties, and greater solubility, which can form stronger inclusion complexes through both encapsulation, and adsorbing guest molecules to their exterior. Although this complexation has been investigated with some pharmaceuticals, enhancing their solubility [2], and yielding higher percentage recoveries than when monomeric β-cyclodextrin was used [3], it has also been found that an increase in the intensity of fluorimetric analytical signal also occurs as a result of this interaction, along with a shift in the maximum wavelength peak [4]. The inclusion complex doesn't appear to have been utilised for analytical chemistry purposes, therefore the drug-β-cyclodextrin polymer-complex was explored through fluorimetry, as it is anticipated that this will allow for lower pharmaceutical detection limits; this technique was then applied for the determination of drugs in human serum and canal water. This poster will illustrate how β-cyclodextrin polymer can be utilised to enhance the fluorimetric signal of drugs, and be applied for the detection of pharmaceuticals in human serum and canal water

Present and Future Role of Battery Electrical Vehicles in Private and Public Urban Transport

The OECD estimates that more than 70% of the developed world population lives in urban environments2, which explains a larger concentration of vehicles there. In the EU-27, there were about 230 million passenger vehicles in 2007 and the new vehicle sales were nearly 16 million vehicles in that year. Notwithstanding the improvements in regulated air pollutants from road transport, the urban population remains at higher risk levels by directly suffering the impact of conventional vehicles because of their closeness to the pollutant source. On one hand urbanization means that people when travelling in their urban environment will typically travel less than 100 km a day. And on the other, that a large percentage of all transâ port and delivery of goods will take place in urban areas. Acceleration and deceleration freâ quency, traffic jams, thus energy efficiency and pollution per km are worst within urban traffic. Many business cases exist for urban electrified road transport because these offer a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) than conventional means already today. The abov