MODELLING OF UAV'S COMPOSITE STRUCTURES AND PREDICTION OF SAFETY FACTOR

The paper presents possibilities of composite materials modeling using SolidWorks enviroment on example of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle wing structure. Mechanical properties of composite materials used in UAV's and process of modeling such structures in SolidWorks are described. The research problem is CFD and strenght analysis of considered structure in SolidWorks Flow Simulation. Different displacement, stresses and safety factors values were obtained for analysed types of loads. The presented approach was used to develop aircraft wing for Air Challenge 2015 competition

Higher education and better knowledge of osteoporosis improve bone health in Polish postmenopausal women

Introduction: The aim of the study was to establish the influence of knowledge of osteoporosis and educational level on bone health. Material and methods: The study group consisted of 351 women, aged 50–88 years (mean 66.3 ± 8.6). None of them had had any previous personal experience with osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment. They filled in a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions assessing their knowledge about osteoporosis. All of them underwent femoral neck densitometry (GE Lunar, USA). Results: The mean score in the knowledge questionnaire was 7.4 ± 1.6 points (range 2–10). The lowest percentage of correct answers was observed in the sentences regarding the possibility of successful cure of osteoporosis and the role of physical activity in osteoporosis treatment. The mean score in the osteoporosis questionnaire correlated negatively with the age of the participants (r = –0.2, p < 0.05) and was better among patients with higher educational degree (8.2 vs. 6.4 points, p < 0.001). Both the educational degree and the level of knowledge of osteoporosis correlated with bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score. Conclusions: Elderly and less educated women showed lower levels of knowledge about osteoporosis and its consequences. The study suggests that bone health in postmenopausal women may be indirectly improved by education concerning osteoporosis and its prevention

Consensus statement on a screening programme for the detection of early lung cancer in Poland

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in Poland and worldwide, and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths.Compared to the present day, the annual number of new cases of lung cancer will have increased by approximately 50%, by 2030.The overall ratio of mortality to incidence totals 0.87 and is among the highest. The five-year survival rate in Poland has recentlyachieved 13.4%. In 2015, lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was introduced to routine clinicalpractice in the United States following the publication of the largest randomised study, The National Lung Screening Trial. Theimplementation of screening programmes in Poland and the rest of Europe also seems unavoidable. Due to the differences, bothin the socioeconomic considerations and healthcare funding, compared to that in the United States, the current approach comesdown to the awaited results of the European randomised study, NELSON. Material and methods: During the meeting of an expert panel at the “Torakoneptunalia 2016” conference in Jastarnia, Poland,a decision was made to summarise and publish the current data on LDCT lung cancer screening in the form of recommendations,or a position statement. The document was prepared by a team composed of a radiologist, thoracic surgeons, pulmonologists,clinical oncologists, epidemiologists, internists, health prevention specialists and pathologists. It reflects the current body ofknowledge about lung cancer, its diagnosis and treatment, and provides recommendations on early detection of lung cancer usingLDCT. The recommendations address the screening procedure, the requirements for the teams conducting the screening, and therequirements for radiologists, pathologists and surgeons involved in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Results: While awaiting the results of the NELSON study and the European position statement on lung cancer screening methodology,the multidisciplinary group of experts presents their position, laying grounds for the development of an action plan forearly detection of lung cancer in the upcoming future in Poland. Conclusions: Primary and secondary prophylaxis are the principal ways to reduce lung cancer mortality. While smoking cessation is a taskof utmost importance, it must be accompanied by an effective screening programme if the outcome of the disease is to be improved

On the vertical distribution of Ips duplicatus, I. cembrae and some bark- and longhorn beetles (col.: curculionidae, Scolytinae; col.: cerambycidae) in the Tatra national Park in Poland

In 2013–2014, a set of 30 pheromone traps baited with synthetic lures attracting I. duplicatus (Duplodor – 15 traps) and I. cembrae (Cembrodor – 15 traps) was installed in 6 altitudinal transects (1000–1400 m a.s.l., every 100 m of elevation) in the eastern, central and western part of the Tatra National Park (TPN) in Poland and operated during the entire growing season. The main aim of the survey was to check if and to what vertical extent these two species of bark beetles, not yet recorded, are presently distributed in TPN. Collected insects, including non-target Scolytinae and Cerambycidae, were determined. Overall 1896 Scolytid bark beetles belonging to 13 species, all occurring in the whole elevation range, were collected. I. duplicatus (28 specimens in total) was collected in the whole elevation profile, similarly as I. cembrae (718 specimens in total). Among Cerambycidae (282 individuals) belonging to 19 species, Rhagium inquisitor and Pidonia lurida, found on all elevations, were the most abundant; 8 species were collected on the highest locality. Pogonocherus decoratus was found for the first time in the Tatra. Results indicate the upward spreading of the studied insects as a possible effect of climate change and the resulting environmental conditions favourable for those organisms

On the vertical distribution of Ips duplicatus, I. cembrae and some bark- and longhorn beetles (col.: curculionidae, Scolytinae; col.: cerambycidae) in the Tatra national Park in Poland

In 2013–2014, a set of 30 pheromone traps baited with synthetic lures attracting I. duplicatus (Duplodor – 15 traps) and I. cembrae (Cembrodor – 15 traps) was installed in 6 altitudinal transects (1000–1400 m a.s.l., every 100 m of elevation) in the eastern, central and western part of the Tatra National Park (TPN) in Poland and operated during the entire growing season. The main aim of the survey was to check if and to what vertical extent these two species of bark beetles, not yet recorded, are presently distributed in TPN. Collected insects, including non-target Scolytinae and Cerambycidae, were determined. Overall 1896 Scolytid bark beetles belonging to 13 species, all occurring in the whole elevation range, were collected. I. duplicatus (28 specimens in total) was collected in the whole elevation profile, similarly as I. cembrae (718 specimens in total). Among Cerambycidae (282 individuals) belonging to 19 species, Rhagium inquisitor and Pidonia lurida, found on all elevations, were the most abundant; 8 species were collected on the highest locality. Pogonocherus decoratus was found for the first time in the Tatra. Results indicate the upward spreading of the studied insects as a possible effect of climate change and the resulting environmental conditions favourable for those organisms

Do pheromone trapping always reflect Ips typographus (L.) population level? A study from the Tatra National Park in Poland

Pheromone traps are used for monitoring I. typographus populations in Norway spruce stands of the Tatra National Park (TPN) in Poland. The presented study is based on the set of pheromone traps of precisely known location (23) located in the whole area of the TPN and operated continuously in 2010–2019. The data on the captures of beetles were compared with two kinds of data concerning the mortality: the area covered by standing dead trees (airborne photographs) in the no-intervention zone, and the volume of trees infested by bark beetles processed in the active protection zone. No relationship was found between the mean numbers of beetles captured yearly in all pheromone traps in the whole TPN area and the volume of infested trees removed from the stands in the active protection zone. The captures in the two selected study areas were correlated with the area of spots with dead trees in the 500 m circle around the traps, however, this correlation is not statistically significant. There is no relation of captures to the volume of processed infested trees. The captures decreased in the growing seasons after the wind damage, and increased markedly after the drought started in 2015. The results of pheromone trapping are affected by several factors, as wind damage and defence potential of trees resulting from their physiological status. Pheromone traps represent valuable source of information about the bark beetle I. typographus population dynamics, although the collected data do not enable direct definition of its population level, especially in the protected areas with different and unstable (changed in 2017) approach to the protection of stands. As most of the information on beetles is captured in the first half of the growing season, the data collected till the end of July are sufficient for monitoring purposes; thus, the trapping should be reduced to the period May–July

Spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in protected mountain areas as a subject of international research programs

The paper presents the aims and principal results of three international research programs dealing with Ips typographus, carried out with differentiated approaches. In two projects (IUFRO-Biodiversity and ILTER) the insect was used as a bioindicator of environmental stresses caused by air pollution, mainly ozone. The differences in selected parameters characterizing bark beetle occurrence on Norway spruce in investigated stands (infestation density, beetle-caused tree mortality, captures in pheromone traps) show a positive, however not linear, response of I. typographus to this kind of stress, expressed by the increase of its population density. Within the ILTER project (suspended after 2 years) some important information about I. typographus ecology has been collected, especially concerning its adaptation and dispersion abilities in the mountain conditions, including upper montane and timberline zones. The third project (INCO-Copernicus TATRY) was focussed on better understanding of spreading of the bark beetle outbreak in a transboundary area in Tatra mountains. The analysis of the data from Polish (TPN) and Slovak (TANAP) Tatra National Parks revealed the same course of the bark beetle outbreak in both parts of the study area, regardless of the nature of the protection regime applied in individual countries. The high dependence of the outbreak on the weather conditions, as well as forest stand and site characteristics, was described. In conclusion, the role of national parks in the research on the bark beetle occurrence on Norway spruce is discussed

Do pheromone trapping always reflect Ips typographus

Pheromone traps are used for monitoring I. typographus populations in Norway spruce stands of the Tatra National Park (TPN) in Poland. The presented study is based on the set of pheromone traps of precisely known location (23) located in the whole area of the TPN and operated continuously in 2010–2019. The data on the captures of beetles were compared with two kinds of data concerning the mortality: the area covered by standing dead trees (airborne photographs) in the no-intervention zone, and the volume of trees infested by bark beetles processed in the active protection zone. No relationship was found between the mean numbers of beetles captured yearly in all pheromone traps in the whole TPN area and the volume of infested trees removed from the stands in the active protection zone. The captures in the two selected study areas were correlated with the area of spots with dead trees in the 500 m circle around the traps, however, this correlation is not statistically significant. There is no relation of captures to the volume of processed infested trees. The captures decreased in the growing seasons after the wind damage, and increased markedly after the drought started in 2015. The results of pheromone trapping are affected by several factors, as wind damage and defence potential of trees resulting from their physiological status. Pheromone traps represent valuable source of information about the bark beetle I. typographus population dynamics, although the collected data do not enable direct definition of its population level, especially in the protected areas with different and unstable (changed in 2017) approach to the protection of stands. As most of the information on beetles is captured in the first half of the growing season, the data collected till the end of July are sufficient for monitoring purposes; thus, the trapping should be reduced to the period May–July