On the semantic expression of mental acts

In this unpublished manuscript, the author aims to provide a concept of the language of the semantic expression of mental acts based on the insights both of ordinary language philosophy and logical reconstruction

Teacher workshops chip away at economic illiteracy

Workshops put on for teachers by the Atlanta and St. Louis Feds are having the desired results, a recent assessment shows. Teachers are learning about the economy and personal finance, and they are passing this information on to a student body that desperately needs it.Education - Economic aspects ; Economics - Study and teaching

A COMPARISON OF THE RELATIVE REINFORCEMENT VALUE OF RESPONSE-CONTINGENT VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULI IN A MULTIPLE-CHOICE LEARNING TASK WITH INSTITUTIONALIZED RETARDATES

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if simple auditory and visual sensory stimuli were effective reinforcers with mentally retarded children and, if so whether one stimulus was superior to the other. In order to make this determination, a group of eighteen female patients between the ages of seventeen and twenty-seven, having IQ\u27s ranging between 37 and 98, and classified as functioning in adaptive behavior level-III, were assigned by random sampling techniques to three equal groups to participate in a multiple-choice learning situation. The groups of subjects were exposed either to one of the two sensory stimuli (light flash or buzzer) after each correct response or, in the case of the control group, the subjects received only knowledge of results as a possible reinforcer. The following null hypothesis was formulated prior to the experiment. There will be no significant difference between the number of errors committed during the learning task by the groups receiving response-contingent sensory stimuli and the number of errors committed by the control group. The Friedman Two Way Analysis of Variance and the Mann-Whitney U Test were used to determine if there was a significant difference in amount of learning between any of the three groups as measured by number of errors committed per group over all trials. The group receiving response-contingent auditory stimuli was found to be significantly superior in amount of learning only to the group receiving response-contingent visual stimuli; although a trend was seen toward a difference favoring the auditory group over the control group and the control group over the visual group. It was therefore concluded that the present study was unable to demonstrate that response-contingent sensory stimuli provided more reinforcement effect than did mere knowledge of results provided in the control condition; therefore, the data did not justify rejecting the null hypothesis at the .05 level of confidence. it was suggested that the findings of this study be considered indeterminate rather than negative because a number of possibly confounding variables may have obscured any real differences between the groups

The spatial impact of local infrastructural investment in New Zealand

In this paper we estimate the impact of local authority infrastructure spending in New Zealand using spatial econometric modeling, with the infrastructure spending itself endogenously determined. Utilizing data from the New Zealand Census and Local Authorities Finance data (1991-2008), aggregated to functional labor market areas, we formulate a simultaneous equations growth model of real income, population, land rent and public infrastructure investment. Estimation is conducted using a spatial 3SLS procedure. We find that an increase in local infrastructure spending increases population growth, real income and land values, but is itself endogenous and spatially correlated

Japanese aspirations for the Indo-Pacific economic order

[Since the 1960s, postwar Japan has been trying in various ways to define its role as a regional power. While its goal of achieving economic and political stability via regional cooperation has been fairly consistent, the definition of “region” has shifted at multiple points in response to political and economic trends and events of the day. To complicate matters further, government and business elites have often defined Japan’s region in multiple ways at the same time. Today, one of Japan’s key competing visions of region is the “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP), made up of a partially-contiguous geography that spans three continents, from India to the west to the United States to the east and Australia to the south. The FOIP reflects patterns of inclusion and exclusion that reflect political and security imperatives more than economic integration. This marks an important shift in Japan’s regional strategy, which had long elevated economic considerations above security concerns.]Accepted manuscrip

Variable Input Pressure Regulator

The variable input pressure regulation system was designed to carry out a test in accordance with the ASTM E1105 standardized commercial window testing procedure. This testing standard dictates that a negative pressure must be maintained within 2% of a constant value while a curtain wall spray system saturates the window from the outside. The test lasts around 15 - 20 minutes depending on the window type, though it may last longer if the user chooses. Currently, the test is performed by a user regulating differential pressure with a variable pump power dial, a gate valve, and a high precision liquid manometer. This design aims to automate the system, allowing variable input and high precision pressure regulation