KELIMPAHAN dan KEANEKARAGAMAN IKAN KARANG di DAERAH TERUMBU KARANG PULAU LIHAGA LIKUPANG MINAHASA UTARA

Lihaga Island is located in West Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency. When the Likupang area has been designated as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and one of the five super priority tourist destinations based on Government Regulation Number 84 of 2019. This indicates that the waters of Lihaga Island will become a diving tourism destination. Data on the abundance and diversity of reef fish in these waters need to be known. The method used in this research is the Underwater Visual Census. The data obtained is then analyzed for abundance index, diversity index, uniformity index and dominance index using the Microsoft Excel program. The results show that reef fish in the waters of Lihaga Island are categorized as abundant, according to Djamali and Darsoono. (2005) with the number found > 50 individuals, dominated by the species Chromis margaritifer from the family Pomacentridae or commonly known as 'damselfishes'. The results of the analysis were based on the total number of reef fish recorded at 3 observation stations, namely the abundance index scored 1,780 ind/m2, the diversity index was in the high category with a value of H`>3.0 which was 3.15, then the uniformity index was included in the unstable category with a value <0.75. which is 0.73 and the dominance index value is categorized as low with a value of 0.10 or <0.50. Keywords: Likupang, Lihaga Island, reef fish, underwater visual census.     ABSTRAK Pulau Lihaga terletak di Kecamatan Likupang Barat, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Saat wilayah Likupang telah ditetapkan menjadi Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK), dan salah satu dari lima destinasi wisata super prioritas berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 84 Tahun 2019. Mengindikasikan perairan Pulau Lihaga akan menjadi destinasi wisata selam. Data mengenai kelimpahan dan keanekaragan ikan karang di perairan ini perlu untuk diketahui. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini adalah Sensus Visual Bawah Air, Data yang didapatkan kemudian dianalisis indeks kelimpahan, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman dan indeks dominansi menggunakan program microsoft excel.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ikan karang di perairan Pulau Lihaga dikategorikan melimpah, menurut Djamali dan Darsoono (2005) dengan jumlah yang di temukan >50 ekor yang didominasi oleh spesies Chromis margaritifer dari famili Pomacentridae atau biasa dikenal dengan nama’damselfishes’. Hasil analisis berdasarkan jumlah total ikan karang yang terdata di 3 stasiun pengangamatan yaitu Indeks kelimpahan mendapat nilai sebesar 1.780 ind/m2, Indeks keanekaragaman masuk dalam kategori tinggi dengan niali H`>3.0 yaitu 3.15, kemudian indeks keseragaman masuk dalam kategori labil dengan nilai <0.75 yaitu 0.73 dan nilai indeks dominansi yang dikategoorikan rendah dengan nilai 0.10 atau < 0,50. Kata kunci:   Likupang,   Pulau   Lihaga,   ikan   karang,   sensus   visual   bawah   ai

The illustris simulation: Public data release

We present the full public release of all data from the Illustris simulation project. Illustris is a suite of large volume, cosmological hydrodynamical simulations run with the moving-mesh code Arepo and including a comprehensive set of physical models critical for following the formation and evolution of galaxies across cosmic time. Each simulates a volume of (106.5 Mpc)3and self-consistently evolves five different types of resolution elements from a starting redshift of z=127 to the present day, z=0. These components are: dark matter particles, gas cells, passive gas tracers, stars and stellar wind particles, and supermassive black holes. This data release includes the snapshots at all 136 available redshifts, halo and subhalo catalogs at each snapshot, and two distinct merger trees. Six primary realizations of the Illustris volume are released, including the flagship Illustris-1 run. These include three resolution levels with the fiducial "full" baryonic physics model, and a dark matter only analog for each. In addition, we provide four distinct, high time resolution, smaller volume "subboxes". The total data volume is ~265 TB, including ~800 full volume snapshots and ~30,000 subbox snapshots. We describe the released data products as well as tools we have developed for their analysis. All data may be directly downloaded in its native HDF5 format. Additionally, we release a comprehensive, web-based API which allows programmatic access to search and data processing tasks. In both cases we provide example scripts and a getting-started guide in several languages: currently, IDL, Python, and Matlab. This paper addresses scientific issues relevant for the interpretation of the simulations, serves as a pointer to published and on-line documentation of the project, describes planned future additional data releases, and discusses technical aspects of the release

Chemical Tagging in the Sdss-Iii/Apogee Survey: New Identifications of Halo Stars with Globular Cluster Origins

We present new identifications of five red giant stars in the Galactic halo with chemical abundance patterns that indicate they originally formed in globular clusters. Using data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Survey available through Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 12, we first identify likely halo giants, and then search those for the well-known chemical tags associated with globular clusters, specifically enrichment in nitrogen and aluminum. We find that 2% of the halo giants in our sample have this chemical signature, in agreement with previous results. Following the interpretation in our previous work on this topic, this would imply that at least 13% of halo stars originally formed in globular clusters. Recent developments in the theoretical understanding of globular cluster formation raise questions about that interpretation, and we concede the possibility that these migrants represent a small fraction of the halo field. There are roughly as many stars with the chemical tags of globular clusters in the halo field as there are in globular clusters, whether or not they are accompanied by a much larger chemically untaggable population of former globular cluster stars

Early life height and weight production functions with endogenous energy and protein inputs

We examine effects of protein and energy intakes on height and weight growth for children between 6 and 24 months old in Guatemala and the Philippines. Using instrumental variables to control for endogeneity and estimating multiple specifications, we find that protein intake plays an important and positive role in height and weight growth in the 6-24 month period. Energy from other macronutrients, however, does not have a robust relation with these two anthropometric measures. Our estimates indicate that in contexts with substantial child undernutrition, increases in protein-rich food intake in the first 24 months can have important growth effects, which previous studies indicate are related significantly to a range of outcomes over the life cycl

An r-process enhanced star in the dwarf galaxy Tucana III*

Chemically peculiar stars in dwarf galaxies provide a window for exploring the birth environment of stars with varying chemical enrichment. We present a chemical abundance analysis of the brightest star in the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate Tucana III. Because it is particularly bright for a star in an ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellite, we are able to measure the abundance of 28 elements, including 13 neutron-capture species. This star, DES J235532.66−593114.9 (DES J235532), shows a mild enhancement in neutron-capture elements associated with the r-process and can be classified as an r-I star. DES J235532 is the first r-I star to be discovered in an ultra-faint satellite, and Tuc III is the second extremely low-luminosity system found to contain r-process enriched material, after Reticulum II. Comparison of the abundance pattern of DES J235532 with r-I and r-II stars found in other dwarf galaxies and in the MW halo suggests a common astrophysical origin for the neutron-capture elements seen in all r-process enhanced stars. We explore both internal and external scenarios for the r-process enrichment of Tuc III and show that with abundance patterns for additional stars, it should be possible to distinguish between them

Design and Synthesis of High Affinity Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax N-Myristoyltransferases Directed by Ligand Efficiency Dependent Lipophilicity (LELP)

N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential eukaryotic enzyme and an attractive drug target in parasitic infections such as malaria. We have previously reported that 2-(3-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-((1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (34c) is a high affinity inhibitor of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax NMT and displays activity in vivo against a rodent malaria model. Here we describe the discovery of 34c through optimization of a previously described series. Development, guided by targeting a ligand efficiency dependent lipophilicity (LELP) score of less than 10, yielded a 100-fold increase in enzyme affinity and a 100-fold drop in lipophilicity with the addition of only two heavy atoms. 34c was found to be equipotent on chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant cell lines and on both blood and liver stage forms of the parasite. These data further validate NMT as an exciting drug target in malaria and support 34c as an attractive tool for further optimization