Heavy Metal Poisoning in a Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Background: In recent decades the demand for unconventional pets has been relatively increasing, a situation that increasingly causes veterinarians to encounter these animals in medical and surgical practice. Of these animals, the birds stand out. Animals of the order Psittaciform are known as very curious and active creatures that have the tendency to chew objectsin their environment. Among the several occurrences that lead this animal to attend the veterinary clinic, we highlight the poisoning by heavy metals, especially lead poisoning (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The objective of this work was to report a case of heavy metal intoxication in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).Case: A cockatiel was taken to the veterinarian with a history of apathy, motor incoordination, exacerbated water consumption and regurgitation. Complete anamnesis was instrumental in directing suspected heavy metal intoxication. Radiopaque particles were visualized through radiographic examination, suggesting heavy metal intoxication. The diagnosis wasconcluded through complementary examinations since the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. The treatment was intended to provide emergency intervention, avoid further absorption, use of antidotes, provide supportive measures and provide guidance to the owner. It can be concluded that the diagnosis and treatment were successful.Discussion: Metal poisoning can kill birds. The veterinarian should always seek the literature in order to perform the best support and treatment. For this, detailed history and detailed medical history must be taken into account, since the time of ingestion and the type of metal interfere with the therapeutic conduct. The use of imaging tests such as x-rays andultrasound are essential to assist the clinician, especially in cases where the tutor does not know whether or not the animal has ingested an object. In the radiographic examination, the heavy metal has the characteristic of having high radiopacity, which was evidenced in the case in question. Radiographic positions should be considered in order to avoid false negatives. In the literature, the treatment of chelation therapy is prioritized to remove the circulating heavy metal and thus act on the cause of the problem. In the case in question calcium EDTA was used intramuscularly, which showed clinical improvement in the animal after the second application. Calcium EDTA binds to metals and facilitates their transport and excretion. The use of fluid therapy is necessary as a supportive treatment to prevent kidney damage, since heavy metals are highlyharmful to nephrons. Especially in cases where the animal stops feeding and ingesting water. The use of antibiotics is essential because in many cases the animal, in addition to not feeding, becomes prone to infections due to metal toxicity, therefore, prophylactic use is essential for a better prognosis. In the case in question, the use of enrofloxacin was effective,as reported in the literature. It is recommended that the diagnosis of serum lead and zinc dosage should be made, however, due to the difficulties of obtaining the samples, and since other metals may also cause intoxication, in the case in question the treatment was started without these results. According to the results obtained in this work, the treatment described in the literature is effective and can be performed immediately to save animal life without subsequent sequelae.Keywords: bird, lead, zinc, calcium EDTA

Chlamydiosis in cockatils (Nymphicus hollandicus): Profile of the owner and therapeutic trial

A prática popular de manutenção de aves como animais de estimação é um importante fator de risco à saúde pública. Não obstante o benefício gerado pelo convívio com o animal, as aves também podem albergar agentes de doenças transmissíveis para seres humanos. A Chlamydophila psittaci, ocupa uma posição de destaque dentre as zoonoses de origem aviária. O presente estudo, que teve como objetivo, em uma primeira etapa, determinar o nível de conhecimento dos proprietários de aves sobre manejo e zoonoses. No segundo momento, calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus), naturalmente infectadas com C. psittaci foram submetidas a um protocolo de tratamento com antibiótico durante quarenta e cinco dias consecutivos. Foram efetuadas biopsias hepáticas e swabs de cloaca, submetidos à técnica de PCR e cultura bacteriológica, para avaliar o impacto do tratamento no organismo do animal, microbióta bacteriana e o estado do portador. Concluiu-se que os proprietários precisam de uma orientação mais contundente e direcionada à prevenção e manejo de suas aves; o protocolo de tratamento utilizando a doxiciclina foi eficaz, eliminando a positividade das aves; as avaliações observadas nas biópsias hepáticas não mostraram alterações significativas que pudessem contribuir com o diagnóstico da clamidioseThe maintenance of pet birds in home cages is a risk to public heath, this animals can house important zoonotic agents like Chlamydophila psittaci, that causes avian clamydiosis. The first aim of this study was to measure the clamydiosis knowledge level of bird owners that had their animals treated in a private veterinary clinic in São Paulo trough a questionnaire with semi-opened questions about behaviour, handling and cleaning of their pets. The second aim of this report was to evaluate the doxiciclin treatment eficacy in naturally infected cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) with oral aplications of 25-35mg doxicicin/kg/day during 45 consecutive days. Every bird has had two liver biopsies done: the first before the treatment and the second one after that. During the treatment severam cloacal swabs were performed to evaluate the treatment impact in the digestive microbiota trough PCR and bacterial culture. The present study concludes that the bird owners need to be better informed about handling and disease prevention. Besides, the doxiciclin treatment was effective when evaluated trough the histopathologic evaluation (liver biopsies), making the positive samples turn to negative after 45 days. The liver collection was concedered a safe procedure, not causing mortality or complications after it and the samples were representative to the determined diagnosis. The liver evaluation could not show any significant variation that would help in the clamidiosis diagnos

PESQUISA DE CISTOS DE Giardia spp. EM FEZES DE PSITACÍDEOS CATIVOS

Giardia spp é um protozoário flagelado de distribuição mundial responsável pelo quadro de giardíase em aves e mamíferos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de ocorrência de cistos de Giardia spp. nas fezes de psitacídeos cativos. Foram avaliadas 120 amostras de fezes coletadas de 60 aves saudáveis e 60 aves doentes. A presença do cisto do parasita foi determinada pelo exame coproparasitológico, pela técnica de concentração por centrifugação. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma frequência de ocorrência de 46,6%. A frequencia no grupo de aves saudáveis foi de 48,3%, ligeiramente superior à frequencia observada no grupo de aves doentes (45%). Os dados deste trabalho alertam para a presença do parasita nas fezes de psitacídeos cativos. Palavras-chave: aves, doenças parasitárias, Giardia spp, psitacídeos

Relações de gênero e ascensão feminina no ambiente organizacional: um ensaio teórico

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small;">As mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas estabeleceram uma nova forma de relacionamento entre os seres humanos. As mulheres estão, cada vez mais, deixando de pertencer à esfera privada do lar para ocuparem um lugar na sociedade que já não comporta mais apenas figuras masculinas. Por meio deste trabalho, procurou-se delinear a trajetória de luta das mulheres nesse sentido, desde o início da empreitada feminista até os dias atuais, além de ilustrar o panorama organizacional brasileiro no que tange à participação feminina no mercado de trabalho, por meio de uma caracterização dos avanços referentes às questões de relações de gênero. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre gênero, movimento feminista e participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. A confecção deste estudo permitiu concluir que, apesar de ainda existirem alguns entraves, há uma tendência de maior valorização das mulheres, além disso, a sociedade e as organizações estão se dispondo a enfrentar as conseqüências desse novo contexto e ampliar o enfoque diretivo e a tomada de decisão para a inserção dos valores femininos, respeitando a percepção das mulheres tanto nas questões sociais como nas organizacionais.</span></p&gt

Estudo das relações de gênero e representações sociais em uma organização hospitalar

Hospitals are facing changes and, to survive in such a competitive market, they must adapt to the context in which they are inserted, directing their actions towards a greater flexibility. A consequence of this move is the workforce diversification. Thus, the increasing women�s participation in this area is an important dimension to be studied. This paper aimed to comprehend the nature of the organizational diversity socially built about the gender relations present in a hospital located in the southern part of Minas Gerais. It sought to interpret the social representations elaborated by physicians and nurses about gender relations in this organization. It was verified that the representation of typically male or female occupations still persists in the work relations between the professionals researched, even having the same conditions concerning specific formation, culture and competencyAs organizações hospitalares vêm passando por mudanças e, para se manterem num mercado cada vez mais competitivo, devem adaptar-se ao contexto no qual estão inseridas, direcionando suas ações rumo a uma maior flexibilidade. Uma das conseqüências dessa busca é a diversificação da mão-de-obra, resultando em uma força de trabalho cada vez mais heterogênea. Dessa forma, uma importante dimensão a ser estudada é a crescente participação da mulher neste mercado de trabalho. Por meio deste artigo, buscou-se compreender a natureza da diversidade organizacional socialmente construída em torno das relações de gênero presentes em uma organização hospitalar no sul de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, buscou-se interpretar as Representações Sociais elaboradas por médicos,e enfermeiros em torno das relações de gênero na organização estudada. Constatou-se que a representação de profissões tipicamente masculinas ou femininas ainda persiste nas relações de trabalho entre as classes profissionais pesquisadas, mesmo estando em igualdade de condições em termos de formação especifica, cultura e competênci

Fatal Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) infection in captive marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata) in Brazil: clinical and pathological characterization

Fatal Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was diagnosed in 12 captive marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata) from metropolitan region of São Paulo, São Paulo State. Clinical signs were variable among the cases, but most affected marmosets presented signs associated with viral epithelial replication: oral, lingual and facial skin ulcers and hypersalivation, and viral replication in the central nervous system: prostration, seizure and aggressive behavior. Consistent microscopic findings were diffuse mild to severe nonsuppurative necrotizing meningoencephalitis with gliosis, vasculitis and neuronal necrosis. Additionally, in the brain, oral cavity, skin, adrenal gland and myoenteric plexus intranuclear inclusion bodies were present. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the HHV-1 antigen in association with lesions in the brain, oral and lingual mucosa, facial skin, adrenal gland and myoenteric plexus. HHV-1-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the brain was carried out and the virus was detected in 7/8 infected marmosets. It is concluded that HHV-1 causes widespread fatal infection in marmosets

Effect of Dioscorea villosa extract and the phytoestrogen diosgenin on ovariectomized mice with zymosan-induced arthritis

Abstract Humans are exposed to natural compounds such as phytoestrogens primarily through diet and supplements. These compounds promote health by alleviating the symptoms and illnesses associated with menopause and arthritis. Diosgenin (DSG) occurs naturally in plants such as Dioscorea villosa (DV) and binds to estrogen receptors, so it may have similar effects to this hormone, including against arthritis. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with dry extract of DV and its phytoestrogen DSG on ovariectomized mice with arthritis. We found that dry extract of Dioscorea villosa (DV) contains the phytoestrogen diosgenin (DSG) in its composition. Furthermore, arthritic mice treated with DV and DSG showed reduced neutrophil accumulation in the articular cartilage. Also, the dry extract of DV administered orally (v.o) did not alter the leukocyte count in the joints or promote changes in the reproductive tract. However, DSG altered these parameters, with possible beneficial effects by reducing symptoms related to reproductive aging. Thus, oral treatment with dry extract of DV and subcutaneous (s.c) treatment with DSG showed promise by acting against inflammation caused by arthritis and reducing symptoms in the reproductive tract due to menopause

A influência da estrutura organizacional nos controles internos de uma fundação para pesquisa, prevenção e assistência do câncer do interior paulista The influence of the organizational structure on the internal controls of a foundation for cancer research, prevention and care in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

O estudo centra-se na discussão de que o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere nas práticas de controle interno das organizações não governamentais (ONGs), sobretudo ligadas à saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de observar a eficiência dos testes de controle interno aplicados dentro de uma estrutura organizacional da Fundação para Pesquisa, Prevenção e Assistência do Câncer, verificando a confiabilidade nos relatórios contábeis e controles operacionais. Como metodologia, realizou-se um estudo de caso em uma organização de saúde do terceiro setor. O estudo de caso ocorreu por meio de entrevistas e análises de relatórios confidenciais. Diante de uma avaliação da estrutura organizacional (das relações entre funcionários e voluntários) e da aplicação de procedimentos de avaliação da qualidade dos controles internos, avaliou-se o quanto o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere nas práticas de controle interno do hospital. Observou-se que existem mecanismos de controle estruturados na instituição, porém a execução desses controles deixa a desejar. Pode-se constatar também que o nível da estrutura organizacional interfere, sim, nas práticas de controle interno da entidade.<br>This work focuses on a discussion about the extent to which the level of organizational structure interferes in the internal control practices of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), especially those related to health. The objective of this work was to observe the efficiency of the internal control tests applied within the organizational structure of the Foundation for Cancer Research, Prevention and Care, checking the reliability of the accounting records and operational controls. A case study in a third sector health organization was the chosen methodology. The case study involved company interviews and the analysis of confidential reports. After an evaluation of the organizational structure (of the relations between officials and volunteers) and the application of evaluation proceedings on the quality of the internal controls, the extent to which the organizational structure interferes with the internal control practices of the hospital was assessed. It was revealed that there are structured mechanisms of control in the institution, however the implementation of these controls is inadequately performed. It was further detected that the level of the organizational structure does indeed interfere in internal control practices at the entity