Investigation and evaluation of surface water pollution with heavy metals and oil products in Kairiai military ground territory

Water pollution with heavy metals, oil and its products is a very important environmental problem. Major part of chemical elements penetrating into the environment gets accumulated in the soil and bed sediment of water bodies. They may also migrate into surface, ground and underground water and spread at great distances. From here, they may enter again nutritional chains and poison living organisms. It is very important and necessary to investigate military territories and evaluate their environmental condition in order to identify the works of their cleaning and optimization of their environmental condition as well as their scope. However, not all the military territories in Lithuania have been sufficiently investigated so far, damage to the environment is not known. Therefore, investigation of such territories is of utmost importance, it is of scientific and environmental significance. This work is dedicated to the investigation and evaluation of surface water and bed sediment pollution with heavy metals and oil products in one of the biggest military grounds of Lithuania ‐ Kairiai Military Ground. Results of the investigation allowed answering the main questions about the most common pollutants, spreading in the environment because of military activities, to determine the level of pollution and most vulnerable territories. Vandens telkinių užtaršos sunkiaisiais metalais ir naftos produktais Kairių kariniame poligone tyrimai ir vertinimas Santrauka. Paviršinio vandens bei jo telkinių dugno nuosėdų tarša sunkiaisiais metalais, nafta ir jos produktais – svarbi aplinkosaugos problema. Teršalai gali sklisti į aplinką garuodami ar migruodami gilyn ir užteršdami gruntinius vandenis. Nors yra žinoma, kad vienas iš karinės veiklos padarinių yra labai užteršti grunto plotai bei vanduo, tačiau vis dar stinga konkrečių duomenų apie tam tikrų teritorijų ruožų užterštumo lygį. Dar nėra pakankamai surinkta faktinės medžiagos apie karinių poligonų teritorijose daromą žalą įvairiems aplinkos komponentams. Šiame darbe įvertinta Kairių karinio poligono vandens telkinių užtarša sunkiaisiais metalais bei naftos produktais. Tyrimams parinktos būdingos vandens telkinių užtaršos vietos viename iš didžiausių – Kairių kariniame poligone. Tyrimo metu nustatyta Kairių poligono teritorijoje esančių paviršinio vandens telkinių ir jų dugno nuosėdų užtarša sunkiaisiais metalais bei vandens užtarša naftos produktais. Tyrimas leido atsakyti į esminius klausimus: kokie teršalai būdingi karinei veiklai naudojamiems vandens telkiniams, kokie yra užterštumo lygiai bei kurios vietos taršai jautriausios. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kariniai poligonai, paviršinio vandens telkiniai, tarša, sunkieji metalai, naftos produktai, dugno nuosėdos. Исследование и оценка загрязненности вод водоемов тяжелыми металлами и нефтепродуктами на территории военного полигона в Кайряй Резюме. Загрязненность вод и осадков дна тяжелыми металлами, нефтью и ее продуктами – важная экологическая проблема. Загрязняющие вещества могут попасть в окружающую среду с выделяющимися из них газами или еще хуже – всасываются в почву, загрязняют грунтовые воды и таким образом могут попасть на территории, находящиеся далеко от источника загрязнения. Хотя уже давно известно, что одним из последствий военных действий являются сильно загрязненные поверхностные воды и почва, все еще не хватает конкретных данных об уровне загрязнения отдельных участков. Еще не собрано достаточно фактической информации о негативных факторах, которые испытывают отдельные компоненты окружающей среды на территориях военных полигонов. В статье представлено исследование, которым была установлена загрязненность поверхностных вод на территории полигона в Кайряй тяжелыми металлами и нефтепродуктами, а также осадков дна тяжелыми металлами. Для исследования были подобраны типичные места на одном из самых больших полигонов Литвы – в Кайряй. Результаты исследования помогли ответить на вопрос о том, какие загрязняющие вещества в поверхностных водах, используемых для военных действий, встречаются чаще всего, какой степени достигло загрязнение, и т. п. Ключевые слова: военные полигоны, поверхностные воды, загрязненность, тяжелые металлы, нефтепродукты, осадки дна. Firstd Published Online: 14 Oct 201

Past 140-year environmental record in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from coral skeletal trace metal variations

About 140-year changes in the trace metals in Porites coral samples from two locations in the northern South China Sea were investigated. Results of PCA analyses suggest that near the coast, terrestrial input impacted behavior of trace metals by 28.4%, impact of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) was 19.0%, contribution of war and infrastructure were 14.4% and 15.6% respectively. But for a location in the open sea, contribution of War and SST reached 33.2% and 16.5%, while activities of infrastructure and guano exploration reached 13.2% and 14.7%. While the spatiotemporal change model of Cu, Cd and Pb in seawater of the north area of South China Sea during 1986-1997 were reconstructed. It was found that in the sea area Cu and Cd contaminations were distributed near the coast while areas around Sanya, Hainan had high Pb levels because of the well-developed tourism related activities. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The Implementation of Managed Entry Agreements in Central and Eastern Europe : Findings and Implications

Funding Information: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, both The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Srpska, also have special funds and budgets in place for the financing of expensive medicines, which are innovative and under patent. Similar earmarked funds are available in Scotland (the New Medicines Fund funded by the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme [PPRS] rebates) [35] and England (the Cancer Drugs Fund) [36]. However, support for such earmarked funds is mixed. While they facilitate access, critics raised issues about fairness towards other disease areas and patient groups that are not eligible for special funding [3, 39]. Further, the views of a Patient and Clinician Engagement meeting in Scotland [37] and the end-of-life criteria in England [38] offer opportunities for special considerations affecting medicines for end-of-life and very rare conditions to be taken into account in the health technology assessment process. Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Jan Jones from the Scottish Medicines Consortium, Scotland, for contributing to the discussion with information on Scotland, Drs. Lyudmila Bezmelnitsyna and Anastasia Isaeva for contributing to data collection in Russia and Dr. Kate?ina Podrazilov? from SZP ?R for providing information on the Czech Republic. Alessandra Ferrario was a Research Officer at the LSE Health at the time this research was conducted. She is now a postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA. Email: [email protected] No sources of funding were used for this study. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. However, Di?na Ar?ja, Maria Dimitrova, Jurij F?rst, Ieva Grei?i?t?-Kuprijanov, Iris Hoxha, Arianit Jakupi, Erki Laidm?e, Vanda Markovic-Pekovic, Dmitry Meshkov, Guenka Petrova, Maciej Pomorski and Patricia Vella Bonanno work directly for national health authorities or are advisers to them. Alessandra Ferrario, Tomasz Bochenek, Ileana Mardare, Dominik Tomek, Luka Voncina, Alan Haycox, Panos Kanavos,?Olga L?blov?, and Brian Godman are academics and independent researchers also working with national and regional health authorities and others to improve the quality and efficiency of prescribing, and Tarik Catic, D?vid Dank?,and Tanja Novakovic are involved with pharmaceutical, pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research groups in their countries. Olga L?blov? has also carried out remunerated consultancy activities for A&R Partners, Baxter AG and Instytut Arcana and Ileana Mardare has signed a consulting contract with Ewopharma A.G. Romania. The content of the paper and the conclusions are those of each author and may not necessarily reflect those of any organisation that employs them. Publisher Copyright: © 2017, The Author(s).Background: Managed entry agreements (MEAs) are a set of instruments to facilitate access to new medicines. This study surveyed the implementation of MEAs in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) where limited comparative information is currently available. Method: We conducted a survey on the implementation of MEAs in CEE between January and March 2017. Results: Sixteen countries participated in this study. Across five countries with available data on the number of different MEA instruments implemented, the most common MEAs implemented were confidential discounts (n = 495, 73%), followed by paybacks (n = 92, 14%), price-volume agreements (n = 37, 5%), free doses (n = 25, 4%), bundle and other agreements (n = 19, 3%), and payment by result (n = 10, >1%). Across seven countries with data on MEAs by therapeutic group, the highest number of brand names associated with one or more MEA instruments belonged to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)-L group, antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (n = 201, 31%). The second most frequent therapeutic group for MEA implementation was ATC-A, alimentary tract and metabolism (n = 87, 13%), followed by medicines for neurological conditions (n = 83, 13%). Conclusions: Experience in implementing MEAs varied substantially across the region and there is considerable scope for greater transparency, sharing experiences and mutual learning. European citizens, authorities and industry should ask themselves whether, within publicly funded health systems, confidential discounts can still be tolerated, particularly when it is not clear which country and party they are really benefiting. Furthermore, if MEAs are to improve access, countries should establish clear objectives for their implementation and a monitoring framework to measure their performance, as well as the burden of implementation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Dynamics of clinical and morphological expression in patients with lung cancer

The title: Dynamics of clinical and morphological expression in patients with lung cancer The aim: to evaluate dynamics of clinical and morphological expression in patients with lung cancer in Kaunas Clinics. Objectives: 1. To evaluate and compare dynamics of clinical expression in patients with non small cell lung cancer. 2. To evaluate and compare dynamics of morphological expression in patients with non small cell lung cancer. Methodology: The retrospective analysis of medical records of 736 patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer during 1998-1999 (n=261), 2007-2008 (n=218) and 2016-2017 (n=257) in Kaunas Clinics for a first time. The diagnosis was confirmed morphologically. There was analysis of demographic information (age, sex, smoking habits), tumor characteristics ( morphology, metastases, stage) and performance status (ECOG). Results: 736 patients with lung cancer were tested: 83% men (n=614) and 17% women (n=122). 1998-1999 lung cancer was diagnosed for 84,70% men and 15,3% women, 2008-2009 for 88,50% men and 11,50% women, 2016-2017 for 77,70% men and 23,30% women. The youngest patient was 28 years old and the oldest one was 89 years old. The distribution of lung cancer by age: 1998-1999 the mean age was 68,23±4,98, 2007-2008 it was 62,23±5,34 and 2016-2017 it was 66,73±10,57. There was no significant difference between ECOG performance status at the time of diagnosis. (p>0,05) Since 1998 till 2017 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer in a good performance status (1 point). At the period of 1998-2017, the percentage of small cell lung cancer was decreased (from 24,30% to 18,50%), the percentage of non small cell cancer increased (from 75,70% to 81,50%). p<0,05. At 2016-2017 there was more patients with I stage than earlier. p<0,05 Conclusions: 1. There is a significant decrease in morbidity of lung cancer among men and increase among women. There was no siginificant difference in performance status by ECOG at the time of diagnosis. In 2016-2017, the first stage was diagnosed significantly more often than in 1998-1999. There was no significant difference between percentage of smokers and non smokers. 2.There was a decrease in small cell lung cancer cases and increase in non small cell lung cancer. Also there was a decrease in squamous cell lung cancer cases and increase in adenocarcinoma

Grave injury to person’s health under the lithuanian and foreign criminal laws

The present Master degree thesis analyses grave injury to person’s health, which incurs criminal liability foreseen in Article 135 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. In order to present a comprehensive study of the theme concerned, attention is also given to the analysis of the grave injury to person’s health by focusing on such elements as the conception health, the concept of injury to health, and the system of offences related with inflicting grave injury established in the currently effective Criminal Code. These elements, however, are not sufficient for the definition of a crime causing grave injury to person’s health, therefore attention is also given to the separate types of grave injury to person’s health and the tendencies in the regulation of this crime in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Lithuania in various historic periods of Lithuania. A particular attention of the study is given to the elements comprising grave injury to person’s health and the disclosure of the defining features of this offence. The work also includes a comparative analysis of the specifics of regulation of grievous bodily harm in the criminal legislation of such countries as Russia, Sweden, Latvia and France

Politics communication style in election campaign: comparative analysis of case D. Cameron vs G. Brown

Rinkiminė kampanija yra ypatingai reikšminga politinio proceso dalis, nes tuomet bet kokia kaina stengiamasi parduoti savo “produktą”. Politikos veikėjai, siekdami įgyti rėmėjų, privalo patraukti visuomenę, o tam pasiekti gali būti naudojami skirtingi politikų komunikacijos stiliai. Politikui svarbu pasirinkti tokį komunikacijos stilių, kuris padėtų pasiekti kuo didesnę dalį tikslinės auditorijos ir ją pritraukti. Politiko rinkimų kampanijos stilių ir padeda nustatyti žiniasklaida, kuri įvardina ir įvertina kandidato stilių: įvairias/keletą priemonių naudoja; negatyvią/pozityvią, aktualią/neaktualią žinią nori perduoti; daug/nedaug, mielai/vengdamas bendrauja su žmonėmis ir pan. Tyrimo objektas – D. Cameron ir G. Brown rinkimų kampanija, tyrimo dalykas – D. Cameron ir G. Brown komunikacijos stiliaus formavimas rinkiminės kampanijos metu. Šio darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti D. Cameron ir G. Brown rinkiminės kampanijos komunikacijos stiliaus bruožus. Iškeliamos dvi pagrindinės hipotezės: H1:D. Cameron, būdamas opozicinės partijos lyderis, rinkimų kampanijoje naudoja negatyvią informaciją, nukreipta prieš G. Brown vyriausybę; H2: G. Brown, būdamas pozicijos premjeras, remiasi pozityvia taktika, tikėdamasis dar penkerių metu. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad Cameron rinkiminė kampanija buvo kuriama nuosekliai, siekiant sukurti modernios partijos lyderio įvaizdį, tačiau nepavyko visiškai atsiriboti nuo M. Thatcher ir jos sukurto partijos prekės ženklo. Rinkiminės kampanijos šūkiai buvo kruopščiai apgalvoti ir turėjo sąsajų, patvirtinimų iš priešrinkiminio Cameron įvaizdžio. Rinkiminės kampanijos didžioji dalis buvo negatyvi, kurios metu kritikuojama pagrindinio varžovo vykdoma politika – taip parodant, kodėl nebalsuoti už Brown. Tyrimo metu pirma hipotezė yra patvirtinama. Atlikus tyrimą antroji hipotezė yra paneigiama. Brown rinkiminė kampanija buvo ypatingai negatyvi. Dažniausiai akcentuojama, kad Cameron atstovauja tiktais siaurą elito klasę – „dabitas“ ir jo siūlomi pasikeitimai yra pavojingi. Buvo siekiama suformuoti ne teigiamą Brown įvaizdį, bet atvirkščiai, jį parodant žmogišką ir klystantį, bet mokantį pripažinti savo kaltes ir prisipažinti, kad tikrai nėra tobulas asmuo, bet geras ekonomikos specialistas, kuris priima naudingus sprendimus Britanijai. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad susidariusi priešrinkiminė situacija buvo nepalanki tiek Konservatorių, tiek ir Leiboristų partijų lyderiams. Priežastis - parlamentinių išlaidų skandalas, kuris dar labiau sumažino visuomenės pasitikėjimą politikais.Election campaign is extremely significant part of political process, when politicians are trying to sell their ‘product’ at any price. They must attract support from the public and in order to achieve it, they can use different types of political communications. It is important to choose the right style, the one that could reach the biggest amount of aimed public and help to gain their support. Media identifies and judges the style of election campaign of candidate: how many/ few tools are being used; what sort of message is desired to be sent- negative/positive, relevant/irrelevant; how he/she communicates with public, a lot/ little, pleasantly or tries to avoid a contact. Object of the assay- D. Cameron and G. Brown general election campaign, subject- a formation of communication style of D. Cameron and G. Brown during the campaign. The aim of this work- to elucidate the features of communication style of D. Cameron and also G. Brown‘s election campaign. There are main two hypotheses that will be tested: H1: D. Cameron, the leader of opposition, is using a negative information against G. Brown and his government during his election campaign; H2: G. Brown as a prime minister is using a positive tactic and expects to win elections again. The investigation shows that Cameron election campaign has been established gradually, in order to create a modern image of the leader of party, but failed to distance from M. Thatcher and her established brand. Electoral campaign slogans have been carefully thought out and had associations and confirmations in the line of image of D. Cameron created Pre-election. The vast majority of the electoral campaign was negative, constantly criticising the ongoing policy of rival- and therefore showing why not to vote for Brown. So the analysis in this work confirms the first hypothesis. The analysis also concludes that the second hypothesis is denied. Election campaign of Brown was extremely negative. It mainly focused on idea that D. Cameron represents only the upper class- ‘posh people’ and his changes would be dangerous for Britain. Additionally, the campaign was aiming to show G. Brown not as faultless individual, but on the contrary as a fallible and human being who was able to admit his mistakes and also confess that he was not perfect, but he was an expert in economic matters, who made efficient decisions for Britain. The investigation found the pre-election situation was unfavourable to both the Conservative and Labour parties and their leaders. The reason was the parliamentary expenses scandal, which has further reduced public confidence in politicians.Vytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Historical relationship between operational activities and criminal intelligence: the case of Lithuania

The information presented in this article allows us to reveal the historical connection between operational activities and criminal intelligence. The object of the research is the historical connection between operational activities and criminal intelligence in Lithuania. The aim of the study is to reveal the historical development of the concepts of operational activity and criminal intelligence in Lithuania, emphasizing the increasing importance of ethics for criminal intelligence. Operational activity is usually associated with the activities of criminal services, which are concerned only with gathering information and detecting crime and take this for granted and not analysed. The history of operational activities from 1918 to the present day shows a fundamental similarity: secret services have been in existence throughout history. Whether in order to preserve the state or in the face of changes in governance, the principle of operational activity has remained similar. After Lithuania regained its independence, the most important date for criminal intelligence is 2013-01-01, when the Law on Criminal Intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania was adopted. The article emphasizes that it aims to ensure the protection of human rights and freedoms, regulate the bases of operational activities, etc. The expressed thoughts do not raise any doubts about the need for ethics in criminal intelligence. Ethics becomes a necessary part of the concept of criminal intelligence when comparing it with operational activities, therefore the article briefly presents two essential ways of how criminal intelligence in Lithuania functions whilst facing ethical issues. First are actions imitating a criminal act and second, secret surveillance. The conclusions state that experienced painful historical facts, the creation of a democratic state influenced the change of the name of the operative activity of the Republic of Lithuania to the name of the criminal intelligence of the Republic of Lithuania. Criminal intelligence officers perform their functions legally, i.e., in accordance with legislation. Every legal act protects human constitutional and natural rights. However, there are exceptions that these rights may be violated if it is required to stop a crime, protect the state or human rights and freedoms. Every action of criminal intelligence can be considered moral if it does not violate legal norms. Keywords: operative activity, criminal intelligence, historical development, independence of Lithuania

Preparation of Adults for the Sacraments of Christian Initiation in the Catholic Church and Its Possibilities in X Parish

Darbe pristatomas suaugusiųjų rengimo įkrikščioninimo sakramentams poreikis ir išskiriamos Bažnyčios Mokymo nuorodos apie suaugusiųjų katechezės svarbų ar net pagrindinį vaidmenį Katalikų Bažnyčios katechetiniuose projektuose. Nors Vatikano II Susirinkimo ir posusirinkiminio Bažnyčios mokymo dokumentai kelia suaugusiųjų katechezės svarbą šiuolaikinės Bažnyčios gyvenime, stebime tik mažas užuomazgas kurti ir įgyvendinti tęstines ir vieningas suaugusiųjų rengimo įkrikščioninimo sakramentams programas, o iš to kyla efektyvaus suaugusiųjų įkrikščioninimo proceso trūkumas. Pirmoji darbo dalis skirta Katalikų Bažnyčios Mokymui apie įkrikščioninimą kaip atsivertimo procesą ir įkrikščioninimo sakramentų prasmę. Pateikiama atsivertimo samprata, akcentuojant, kad atsivertimas yra ne vienkartinis aktas, o visą gyvenimą trunkantis procesas, kad kvietimas atsiversti skirtas ne tik pavieniam asmeniui, bet ir bendruomenei. Apibūdinami svarbūs momentai apie tikėjimo ir atsivertimo procesą, išryškinama širdies atsivertimo svarba, Bažnyčios būtinybė. Atskleidžiant įkrikščioninimo sakramentų prasmę, išryškinami aspektai, kurie tikėjimo ir šventimo požiūriu būdingi visiems Bažnyčios sakramentams. Įkrikščioninimo sakramentai – Krikštas, Sutvirtinimas, Eucharistija - pristatomi kaip krikščioniško gyvenimo pamatas, kiekvienas atskirai turintys biblinį pagrindą, įsteigimo ir praktikos kontekstą bei šiandienos krikščioniui esmingai svarbius padarinius. Antroje darbo dalyje apibrėžiama katechezė kaip pasirengimo įkrikščioninimo sakramentams kelias, išskiriami suaugusiųjų katechezės principai ir gairės, pristatomas katechumenatas kaip visos katechezės modelis. Trečioji dalis skirta suaugusiųjų psichologinės ir dvasinės raidos ypatumams atskleisti. Apibūdinamos žmogaus psichologinės raidos fazės ir atskirų laikotarpių krizės, pateikiama religinių išgyvenimų patirties analizė, pasaulėžiūrinės aplinkos įtaka žmogaus tapatybės formavimuisi. Kaip pamatinis asmenybės poreikis pristatoma savivertė, jos samprata ir asmens veiksmų dimensijos. Ketvirtojoje dalyje aprašomas empirinis tyrimas, kurio tikslas: atskleisti suaugusiųjų rengimo įkrikščioninimo sakramentams įgyvendinimo galimybes X parapijoje. Pateikiami tyrimo aplinka ir metodai, rezultatų analizė. Darbo išvadose formuluojami atsakymai į klausimą: ką reikia daryti, kad suaugusiųjų katechezėje naujaip būtų keliami klausimai ir pereita prie pamatinio suaugusios krikščioniškosios bendruomenės poreikio.The process of adult preparation for sacraments of Christian initiation is presented as conversion that takes place within a Christian community. The guidelines of Catholic Church teaching about adult catechesis are analyzed in the thesis. Baptism Catechumenate is presented as appropriate programme of adult initiation and is examined as a structure for action in the context of faith deepening in the Christian community.Katalikų teologijos fakultetasVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Gruntų taršos sunkiaisiais metalais tyrimas Lietuvos kariniuose poligonuose

Military grounds are the largest military activity territories in Lithuania. In some of them, military activities are going on for more than 100 years. Specific nature of long-term activities carried out in military grounds with military equipment, weapons, ammunition and different busters have caused the anomalies of pollution with heavy metals in some places. And what is more, in many places the environment is polluted with oil products, remains of bullets and explosive devices can be found in tactical fields, and continuous devastation has resulted in a sandy soil. The damage caused to the environment by military activities is not limited with pollution of military grounds and surrounding landscapes with different chemical substances. Water that gets into the soil destroys the remains of explosives and ammunition, filters into the deeper layers of the soil and poses a risk of pollution. The surface layer of the soil is a barrier protecting subsoil water against pollution with different chemical substances. By the extent of soil pollution, it could be judged about the risk of subsoil water pollution. The carried out investigation was aimed at finding out the distribution of heavy metals characteristic of munition (zinc, copper, lead) in the deeper layers of the soil (up to 1-meter depth) and the trends of its changes. Tests were carried out in two major military grounds of Lithuania located in different places but used for the same purpose. The received results allowed not only to evaluate the extent of pollution with heavy metals but also to determine the peculiarities of their migration.Lietuviška santrauka. Didžiausios karinės teritorijos Lietuvoje – kariniai poligonai. Kai kuriuose iš jų karinė veikla vyksta jau daugiau nei 100 metų. Dėl specifinės veiklos, ilgus metus vykdomos kariniuose poligonuose, karinės technikos, ginklų, amunicijos bei įvairių sprogstamųjų užtaisų naudojimo kai kur susiformavo užterštumo sunkiaisiais metalais anomalijos. Be to, daug kur aplinka užteršta naftos produktais, taktinių mokymų laukuose mėtosi kulkų ir sprogstamųjų užtaisų liekanos, o dėl nuolatinių pažeidimų vyrauja smėlingas gruntas. Žala aplinkai dėl karinės veiklos – tai ne tik poligonų bei aplinkinių teritorijų dirvožemio užtarša įvairiomis cheminėmis medžiagomis. Vanduo, patenkantis į dirvožemį, ardo sprogmenų ir amunicijos liekanas, filtruojasi į gilesnius dirvožemio sluoksnius. Kyla jų užtaršos pavojus. Paviršinis dirvožemio sluoksnis yra barjeras, saugantis gruntinius vandenis nuo užtaršos įvairiomis cheminėmis medžiagomis. Pagal dirvožemio užterštumą galima spręsti apie gruntinių vandenų užtaršos pavojų. Atlikto tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti sunkiųjų metalų, būdingų sprogstamiesiems užtaisams (cinko, vario, švino), pasiskirstymą gilesniuose (iki 1 m) dirvožemio sluoksniuose bei jų koncentracijų kitimo tendencijas. Tyrimai buvo atlikti dviejuose didžiausiuose tos pačios paskirties Lietuvos poligonuose, esančiuose skirtingose vietovėse. Gautieji rezultatai leido įvertinti ne tik taršos sunkiaisiais metalais išplitimą paviršiniame dirvožemio sluoksnyje, bet ir nustatyti migracijos ypatumus

Ethical aspects of criminal intelligence

The article analyzes the ethical aspects of criminal intelligence at a theoretical and empirical level. The problem of the investigation is specified by the following questions: Do criminal intelligence activities not violate human rights and freedoms through the use of coercive procedural measures? How do criminal intelligence officers understand the importance of professional ethics in the service? The object of research: ethical aspects in the field of criminal intelligence. The aim of the research is to analyze the ethical aspects in the field of criminal intelligence, taking into account the ways in which criminal intelligence operates. Objectives of the research: 1) after revealing the concept of criminal intelligence to discuss the ways in which criminal intelligence operates with ethical problems; 2) to investigate and evaluate the attitudes of criminal intelligence officers towards the importance of professional ethics in the service. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature and legal acts, analysis of court practice, generalization, method of qualitative research data collection - survey (structural interview), method of data analysis - descriptive-interpretative analysis. In the performance of its functions, criminal intelligence also performs the application of procedural coercive measures. It is because of these measures that people are often outraged and seek the truth about whether human constitutional rights have been violated. Also, during the execution of procedural coercive measures such as actions of imitating a criminal act, and covert surveillance it is monitored whether the limits of ethical conduct have not been exceeded. Criminal intelligence officers, in the performance of their duties, perform them lawfully, e. i. in accordance with the law. Every legal act protects the constitutional, natural rights of a person. However, there are exceptions that these rights may be violated if it is required to stop the crime, protect the state or protect the human rights and freedoms. Criminal intelligence is driven by good intentions, and the pursuit of good overcoming evil is more important than allowing evil to spread. Every act of criminal intelligence is considered moral if it does not violate legal norms. Based on the results of the empirical study, it can be concluded that criminal intelligence officers are aware of the importance of professional ethics in their profession. Officials set out the most important principles to be followed in their work as tolerance, honesty, respect for others, loyalty, impartiality, service to society, and other values. However, one of the most important features of the professional ethics of criminal intelligence was not mentioned - confidentiality. Therefore, not only do well-known legislations help to achieve good results in this profession, but also their intrinsic values that help others to protect their natural rights