The Integration of Psychodynamic Theories and Biological Aspects in the Development of Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety is a normal human reaction to stressful and threatening events in their surroundings, but if it does not correlate with inducible stimulus with respect to intensity and duration and if it permanently impairs a person’s ability to function normally, then we are dealing with pathological anxiety, that is to say, a symptom of one of the anxiety disorders classified in 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), or in American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV classification. We may consider the aetiology of anxiety from psychodynamic, biological and neuroscientific aspect. Finally, certain genes have been located, the variability of which in the expression of “visceral brain” neurons modulates remembrance of fear and somatic reactions to anxiety. These genes also represent the potential focal points for future pharmacotherapeutic solutions for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-connected psychic disorders

Utjecaj količine dodane kulture na preživljavanje probiotičkih bakterija u jogurtu

The effect of level of inoculum on viability of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.) during yoghurt manufacture and storage at 4 °C was investigated. Yoghurt production was performed using commercially available starter cultures. The viability of L. acidophilus was maintained at the level of 10000000 cfu/g up to 20-25 days storage. The counts and the stabilities of all three bifdobacteria starter cultures used were higher compared with L. acidophilus. Postacidification was slightly higher in yoghurts prepared with lower levels of inoculum. Associative yoghurt organisms and pH of yoghurt affected the viability of probiotic bacteria.U uzorcima jogurta, proizvedenim korištenjem komercijalnih kultura, istražen je utjecaj količine dodanog cjepiva na probiotičke bakterije (Lactobacillus acidophilus i Bifidobacterium spp.) tijekom priprave i čuvanja proizvoda pri +4 °C. Broj živih bakterija L. acidophilus održao se na 10000000 cfu/g do 20 - 25 dana čuvanja, a nakon toga je opao. Za sve tri kulture, koje su korištene za pripravu uzoraka, broj bifidobakteria bio je zadovoljavajući i vrlo stabilan, stabilniji od broja L. acidophilusa. Naknadno zakiseljavanje ispitivanih uzoraka nešto je izraženije kod uzoraka jogurta proizvedenih korištenjem manjeg % cjepiva. Bakterije iz sastava kultura za proizvodnju jogurta (jogurtne kulture) i pH vrijednosti jogurta utječu na preživljavanje probiotičkih bakterija

The Influence of Market Risk on Share Price Trends in the Republic of Croatia

Market risk is the risk of macroeconomic factors that significantly affect all companies and all investments to varying degrees. This risk cannot be reduced or eliminated because it is affected by external factors such as; inflation, political events, terrorist attacks, interest rates, not affected by diversification. Market risk is most often calculated through the expected rate of return on investment in the CAPM model, where it is expressed by the Beta coefficient. This paper deals with the impact of market risk on stock return rates. The sample of research in this paper are the shares of several companies within the CROBEX10 index of the Zagreb Stock Exchange. Attention is paid to the semi-annual calculations of the beta coefficient and the required rates of return. In addition to the semi-annual ones, the annual and three-year calculations of one selected joint stock company will be presented

The Influence of Market Risk on Share Price Trends in the Republic of Croatia

Market risk is the risk of macroeconomic factors that significantly affect all companies and all investments to varying degrees. This risk cannot be reduced or eliminated because it is affected by external factors such as; inflation, political events, terrorist attacks, interest rates, not affected by diversification. Market risk is most often calculated through the expected rate of return on investment in the CAPM model, where it is expressed by the Beta coefficient. This paper deals with the impact of market risk on stock return rates. The sample of research in this paper are the shares of several companies within the CROBEX10 index of the Zagreb Stock Exchange. Attention is paid to the semi-annual calculations of the beta coefficient and the required rates of return. In addition to the semi-annual ones, the annual and three-year calculations of one selected joint stock company will be presented

Psychotherapy of Depressions

O psihoterapijskom pristupu u liječenju depresije postoji relativno malen broj navoda u znanstvenoj literaturi. U ovom radu pokušalo se sustavno sagledati problem psihoterapije depresije, prikazom individualnog, grupnog i kombiniranog, farmakoterapijsko-psihoterapijskog pristupa u liječenju ovog psihičkog poremećaja. Definiran je problem depresije s gledišta psihodinamske psihijatrije, no opisane su i ostale (kognitivne i bihevioralne) koncepcije u razumijevanju depresije. Ujedno su prikazana i novija neuroznanstveno-psihoanalitička promišljanja o psihoterapiji i njezinu mjestu u suvremenome znanstvenom pristupu psihijatriji. Usprkos mnogim metodološkim teškoćama, psihoterapija je važan aspekt u liječenju depresije. Posebno je važan zajednički farmakoterapijski i psihoterapijski pristup koji je u većem broju kliničkih istraživanja pokazao svoje vrijednosti. Zaključno, psihoterapijski pristup može se ravnopravno nositi s farmakološkim metodama liječenja jer u krajnjem ishodu nema, prema metaanalitičkim studijama, značajnijih terapijskih razlika.The scientific literature contains a relatively small number of quotes about the psychotherapeutic approach to the treatment of depression. In this article we tried to address the psychotherapy of depression systematically by demonstrating individual, group and combined pharmaco-psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of this psychic disorder. Depression is defined from the point of view of psychodynamic psychiatry; however, other approaches (cognitive and behavioural) to understanding of depression have been also described. The article also shows the recent neuroscientific- psychoanalytic approaches to psychotherapy and its role in a modern scientific approach to psychiatry. Despite many methodological difficulties, psychotherapy represents a significant aspect of depression treatment. A joint pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic approach, whose value was confirmed in a number of clinical trials, is especially important. Finally, psychotherapy is as good as pharmacological therapies because, as meta-analytic studies shows, there are no significant therapeutic differences in final treatment results

Artefaktni dermatitis: prikaz slučaja

Automutilating behavior is becoming ever more frequent in patients seeking dermatologic care. Psychocutaneous disorders encompass a wide range of dermatologic conditions, all of which have in common the important role of psychological factors. Dermatitis artefacta syndrome is characterized by unconscious self-injury behavior, while dermatitis para-artefacta syndrome is labeled with manipulation of an existing specific dermatosis. Consciously stimulated injuries with the purpose of obtaining material gain is known as malingering. Here we present a 20-year-old female patient with a sudden pain and an oval, yellowish skin defect on her left lower leg, 3x3.5 cm in diameter, with an erythematous, clearly defined border, surrounded by erythematous, painful skin resembling pyoderma gangrenosum. The patient had a clinically typical skin presentation but with atypical therapeutic outcome. The diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta was made. Liaison psychiatry can reaffirm the diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta and provide necessary psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.Samoozljeđivajuće ponašanje postaje učestalije kod bolesnika koji traže dermatološku skrb. Psihokutani poremećaji obuhvaćaju širok raspon dermatoloških stanja kojima je zajednička važna uloga psiholoških čimbenika. Sindrom artefaktnog dermatitisa je obilježen nesvjesnim samoozljeđivanjem, dok sindrom paraartefaktnog dermatitisa označava manipulaciju određene postojeće dermatoze. Svjesno izazivanje ozljede u svrhu stjecanja materijalne koristi smatra se simuliranjem. Ovdje prikazujemo slučaj 20-godišnje bolesnice s iznenadnom boli i ovalnim, žućkastim defektom kože na lijevoj potkoljenici, 3x3,5 cm u promjeru, s eritematoznim, jasno ograničenim rubom, okruženim eritematoznom, bolnom kožom, što podsjeća na piodermu gangrenozum. Bolesnica je imala klinički tipičan prikaz kože, ali s atipičnim terapijskim ishodom. Postavljena je dijagnoza artefaktnog dermatitisa. Liason psihijatrija može potvrditi dijagnozu artefaktnog dermatitisa i omogućiti potrebnu psihofarmakološku terapiju i psihoterapiju

Inhibicija mljekarskih kultura za proizvodnju sira

Zadnjih nekoliko godina poduzimaju se mnoge uspješne mjere zaštite od infekcije bakteriofagom. Tako su npr. konstrukcije tehnoloških hnija u proizvodnji sira poboljšane, mljekarske se kulture aseptički razmnožavaju, bolja je selekcija kultura tj. bakterijskih sojeva

Propionibacteria: probiotic properties

Pregled objavljenih podataka o svojstvima bakterija propionskog vrenja, mogućnosti njihova korištenja u proizvodnji propionske kiseline, organskih kiselina kratkog lanca, CO2, bakteriocina, vitamina te mogućnosti preživljavanja u probavnom sustavu.Review of published data on probiotic properties of Propionibacteria. Possibilities of using Propionibacteria in production of propionic acid, short-chain organic acids, CO2, bacteriocins, vitamins, and the possibility of their survival In alimentary canal

Activities and games in Halliwick concept of swimming

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je objasniti i opisati aktivnosti i igre koje se provode u Halliwick konceptu plivanja. Ovaj koncept namijenjen je učenju plivanja svih ljudi, a osobito djeci i osobama s intelektualnim teškoćama i tjelesnim invaliditetom. U radu su iznesene osnovne značajke koncepta te utjecaj njegovog provođenja na motorički, psihološki i socijalni razvoj djeteta. Opisan je program deset točaka koji je temelj Halliwick koncepta i navedeni su kriteriji koje plivači moraju savladati za dobivanje Halliwick značaka. U svakoj aktivnosti i igri objašnjeno je kroz koju točku plivači prolaze te kojoj Halliwick znački izvedba pripada. Detaljno je opisan i prikazan početni i završni položaj, način na koji plivač inicira određenju kretnju, položaj pomagača u odnosu na plivača, potpora koju mu pruža i formacije u kojima se aktivnosti mogu provoditi. Svaka igra koju plivači izvode pozitivno utječe i rješava jedan od problema s kojim se susreću u vodi, ali i u svakodnevnom životu te će razumijevanje takvog koncepta rada te opširniji opis aktivnosti olakšati rad i ubrzati njihov napredak.The objective of this thesis is to explain and describe the activities and games applied in the Halliwick concept of swimming. This concept can be used in teaching swimming to all people, but in particular to people with physical and/or learning difficulties. This paper contains the basics of Halliwick concept and how it affects the physical, personal and social growth and development of a child. The Ten Points Programme is the focus of the Halliwick concept and each game is explained in this paper. Also, it describes the Halliwick's badges and the criteria that swimmers must satisfy to acquire them. Every activity and game in this thesis will have a description of a starting and an ending position, the way the swimmer initiates a certain movement in water, the position of the assistant in relation to the swimmer, the support that assistant provides to the swimmer and the formations in which the activities can be performed. Every game that swimmers perform positively affects their health and solves one of the problems they face in water, but also in everyday life. In compliance to that, better understanding of this concept and more detailed description of activities can make the training of the swimmers easier and speed up their progress

IDF REMCAT metoda za određivanje jačine sirila

U dalekoj prošlosti bilo je uobičajeno da proizvođači sira pripremaju sami, za svoje potrebe sirilo a dobivali su ga ekstrakcijom telećih želudaca. Kontrola sastava i kvalitete ekstrakta nije postojala. Međutim, od trenutka kada se sirilo počelo proizvoditi i komercijalizirati u industrijskom mjerilu, iskazala se potreba mjerenja jačine sirila zbog procjene njegove ekonomske vrijednosti