The Integration of Psychodynamic Theories and Biological Aspects in the Development of Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety is a normal human reaction to stressful and threatening events in their surroundings, but if it does not correlate with inducible stimulus with respect to intensity and duration and if it permanently impairs a person’s ability to function normally, then we are dealing with pathological anxiety, that is to say, a symptom of one of the anxiety disorders classified in 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), or in American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV classification. We may consider the aetiology of anxiety from psychodynamic, biological and neuroscientific aspect. Finally, certain genes have been located, the variability of which in the expression of “visceral brain” neurons modulates remembrance of fear and somatic reactions to anxiety. These genes also represent the potential focal points for future pharmacotherapeutic solutions for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-connected psychic disorders

The Connection between Coping Mechanisms, Depression, Anxiety and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis

The aim of this study was to show how different coping mechanisms influence the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people suffering from multiple sclerosis. We also aimed at showing how different coping mechanisms contribute to subjective prosperity of the patients emphasizing general health, cognitive functions and fatigue. A questionnaire was given to attendants of the VI Symposium of Patients Suffering From Multiple Sclerosis. Scales were taken from Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and COPE inventory. A total of 68 anonymous questionnaires were handed in. A total of 57.9% of examinees had symptoms of depression, and 63.2% suffered from symptoms of anxiety. However, majority of the examinees suffered from the combination of these entities. Hypothesis about impact of various coping factors on depression, anxiety, fatigue was validated except an impact on physical state was not proven significant. Predictors improving these states were positive reinterpretation, social emotional support and humor, Predictors worsening these states were planning, acceptance, focus on emotional ventilation and denial. Psychiatric comorbidity has a high prevalence in people suffering from MS. Different coping mechanisms can help in improvement of everyday life

Percipir ana socijalna potpora veteranima Domovinskog rata s posttraumatskim stresnim poremećajem – što se nije smjelo dogoditi

The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study included 262 male war veterans suffering from chronic PTSD. Their diagnosis was confirmed according to DSM-IV -TR . They were given self-reported measures Trauma Symptom Inventory-A and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. No significant correlation was found between peer and family support and PTSD. The authors hypothesize this might be the result of secondary victimization, traumatization, and enduring personality changes during the course of PTSD. The items evaluating satisfaction with health care and state institutional support were correlated with most of the PTSD symptoms indicating the possible importance of improving institutional policies toward this population.Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je procijeniti moguću povezanost percipirane socijalne potpore i kroničnog posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (PTSP) uzrokovanog ratom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 262 veterana Domovinskog rata koji pate od kroničnog PTSP-a. Psihijatrijsku dijagnozu potvrdio je psihijatar prema kriterijima DSM-IV -TR . Simptomi PTSP-a ispitani su samoocjenskim upitnikom Trauma Symptom Inventory-A, dok je socijalna potpora procijenjena ljestvicom Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Nije pronađena značajna povezanost između percipirane socijalne potpore od strane obitelji i prijatelja sa simptomima PTSP-a. Ovakav nalaz može se objasniti kao posljedica sekundarne viktimizacije, traumatizacije te trajnih promjena ličnosti uzrokovanih PTSP-om. Istraživanjem je utvrđena značajna povezanost između institucionalne potpore, primarno državne i zdravstvene, sa simptomima PTSP-a. Važnost ovog rezultata se temelji na mogućem poboljšanju institucionalne skrbi radi smanjivanja simptoma unutar ove osjetljive populacije

The Influence of Market Risk on Share Price Trends in the Republic of Croatia

Market risk is the risk of macroeconomic factors that significantly affect all companies and all investments to varying degrees. This risk cannot be reduced or eliminated because it is affected by external factors such as; inflation, political events, terrorist attacks, interest rates, not affected by diversification. Market risk is most often calculated through the expected rate of return on investment in the CAPM model, where it is expressed by the Beta coefficient. This paper deals with the impact of market risk on stock return rates. The sample of research in this paper are the shares of several companies within the CROBEX10 index of the Zagreb Stock Exchange. Attention is paid to the semi-annual calculations of the beta coefficient and the required rates of return. In addition to the semi-annual ones, the annual and three-year calculations of one selected joint stock company will be presented

Psychotherapy of Depressions

O psihoterapijskom pristupu u liječenju depresije postoji relativno malen broj navoda u znanstvenoj literaturi. U ovom radu pokušalo se sustavno sagledati problem psihoterapije depresije, prikazom individualnog, grupnog i kombiniranog, farmakoterapijsko-psihoterapijskog pristupa u liječenju ovog psihičkog poremećaja. Definiran je problem depresije s gledišta psihodinamske psihijatrije, no opisane su i ostale (kognitivne i bihevioralne) koncepcije u razumijevanju depresije. Ujedno su prikazana i novija neuroznanstveno-psihoanalitička promišljanja o psihoterapiji i njezinu mjestu u suvremenome znanstvenom pristupu psihijatriji. Usprkos mnogim metodološkim teškoćama, psihoterapija je važan aspekt u liječenju depresije. Posebno je važan zajednički farmakoterapijski i psihoterapijski pristup koji je u većem broju kliničkih istraživanja pokazao svoje vrijednosti. Zaključno, psihoterapijski pristup može se ravnopravno nositi s farmakološkim metodama liječenja jer u krajnjem ishodu nema, prema metaanalitičkim studijama, značajnijih terapijskih razlika.The scientific literature contains a relatively small number of quotes about the psychotherapeutic approach to the treatment of depression. In this article we tried to address the psychotherapy of depression systematically by demonstrating individual, group and combined pharmaco-psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of this psychic disorder. Depression is defined from the point of view of psychodynamic psychiatry; however, other approaches (cognitive and behavioural) to understanding of depression have been also described. The article also shows the recent neuroscientific- psychoanalytic approaches to psychotherapy and its role in a modern scientific approach to psychiatry. Despite many methodological difficulties, psychotherapy represents a significant aspect of depression treatment. A joint pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic approach, whose value was confirmed in a number of clinical trials, is especially important. Finally, psychotherapy is as good as pharmacological therapies because, as meta-analytic studies shows, there are no significant therapeutic differences in final treatment results

IDF REMCAT metoda za određivanje jačine sirila

U dalekoj prošlosti bilo je uobičajeno da proizvođači sira pripremaju sami, za svoje potrebe sirilo a dobivali su ga ekstrakcijom telećih želudaca. Kontrola sastava i kvalitete ekstrakta nije postojala. Međutim, od trenutka kada se sirilo počelo proizvoditi i komercijalizirati u industrijskom mjerilu, iskazala se potreba mjerenja jačine sirila zbog procjene njegove ekonomske vrijednosti

LEVEL AND EFFECTS OF PRIVATIZATION IN CROATIA

Privatno vlasništvo je temelj tržišnog poslovanja. Dosadašnji proces privatizacije u Hrvatskoj ispod je stvarnih mogućnosti i dostignutog stupnja liberalizacije, a dominantan model koji je primijenjen pokrenuo je različite oblike manipulacije. Poželjna je brza privatizacija državnog sektora da bi se što brže osigurala efikasnost poduzeća, budući da se država pokazala kao loš poduzetnik. Privatizacija je preduvjet za normalizaciju poslovanja neprivatiziranih poduzeća.Private ownership is the basis of marketing. Private owner is an irreplaceable agent in assets allocation, in supervision, and risk bearing. Croatia was realizing the process of privatization more slowly than a group of transitional countries from the first integration circle with EU. Therefore for the estimate of present condition it is essential the manner inwhich the process of privatization was carried out, what is the ownership structure of Croatian economy and wether ownership structure can bring Croatian economy into Europe. So far, the process of privatization in Croatia is under real possibilities and achieved level of liberalization, and dominant applied model initiated various forms of manipulation. Therefore it is desirable fast privatization of public sector in order to ensure as fast as possible efficiency of enterprise, since the state has turned out as bad entrepreneur. Privatization is prerequisite for normalization of operation of non-privatized enterprises. Should privatization of Croatian economy be carried out quickly, or forced sale at the moment of non-defined strategy is notin dispensable