41 research outputs found
Characterisation of manual chest physiotherapy and respiratory response in mechanically ventilated children
Chest physiotherapy is integral to the management of mechanically ventilated children and
previous research has confirmed that chest wall vibrations are the manual techniques used
most frequently by physiotherapists in this population. Chest wall vibrations involve the
application of a compressive force to the chest during expiration, with the aim of removing
accumulated secretions and improving lung aeration. However, these techniques are
largely unquantified and may vary greatly between practitioners and clinical units, with
any significance of such variability remaining unknown.In order to evaluate the effectiveness of any therapy it is important to have a means of
quantifying the treatment. It is challenging to measure techniques which involve manual
contact between the therapist and patient, and at the inception of this project no means
existed of directly measuring the force applied through the hand during treatments. The
effectiveness of chest physiotherapy in mechanically ventilated patients is likely to be
influenced by the interactions between different treatment components, such as the
magnitude and pattern of the chest wall vibrations and the accompanying lung inflations.
It is therefore essential to assess both the forces applied during the vibrations with the
simultaneous changes in air flow, recording the ventilatory pattern throughout the
treatment.The study hypotheses were:1. It is possible to create a technique to measure chest wall vibration forces during
clinical treatments, and to relate such forces to simultaneous changes in respiratory
flows, volumes and pressures2. Maximum and mean force applied during chest wall vibrations increase with the size
and age of the child3. Manual lung hyperinflations with chest wall vibrations result in an increase in peak
expiratory flow above that observed during baseline mechanical ventilation4. After adjusting for inflation volume, application of chest wall vibrations result in an
increase in peak expiratory flow above that obtained during manual lung inflations
aloneThe primary objectives of this research were to:1. Develop a method of quantifying chest wall vibration forces and a means of evaluating
simultaneous changes in force with those of respiratory flow and pressure in ventilated
infants and children of all ages2. Estimate the variability over time, within and between individual physiotherapists
when treating the same and different subjects with chest wall vibrations3. Conduct a study to:i) Assess the feasibility of measuring force and respiration in a population of critically ill,
mechanically ventilated childrenii) Characterise the magnitude and pattern of forces applied during chest wall vibrations
and evaluate the direct effects of these manoeuvres on flow and pressure changes in the
lungsiii) Determine the relative contribution of manual lung inflations and chest wall vibrations
to any observed increase in expiratory airflow
A secondary objective was to explore the short term effects of chest physiotherapy, by
recording changes in ventilation, respiratory system mechanics and blood gases following
treatment.The thesis comprises four chapters:Chapter 1 contains a comprehensive literature review of published studies demonstrating
the current knowledge base of the respiratory problems of mechanical ventilation in
children, chest physiotherapy in intensive care and the relationship of chest physiotherapy
to normal mechanisms of airway clearance.Chapter 2 describes the process of creating a dynamic force-sensing technique to
characterise manual chest physiotherapy, detailing protocol and analysis refinement during
pilot force and respiratory data collection. Assessment of the variability within and
between physiotherapists is also assessed.Chapter 3 details a clinical study undertaken in intensive care units at Great Ormond
Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London. The results are presented and interpreted.Chapter 4 discusses the findings of the thesis in relation to earlier research, highlights the
strengths and limitations of the current study, interprets the clinical implications of the research and suggests future work
Near-fatal misuse of medical tape around an endotracheal tube connector during inhalation anesthesia in a horse
A 7-year-old gelded Irish sports horse weighing 650 kg was anesthetized on 2 consecutive days for lavage of a septic right radio-carpal joint. On both occasions the endotracheal tube connector, which had been bound in medical tape to produce an airtight seal, functioned as a unidirectional valve during mechanical ventilation, retarding expiration, imposing positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and probably continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The equipment dysfunction was not identified on either occasion despite close inspection prompted by progressive increases in airway pressure and thoracic distension. Whilst the PEEP and CPAP exerted unexpectedly modest cardiovascular effects and the horse recovered uneventfully on both occasions, the improvisation may have proven fatal in a higher-risk subject
The relationship between food deprivation and blood glucose at induction of anaesthesia in juvenile pigs
Improving Experiences of the Menopause for Women in Zimbabwe and South Africa:Co-Producing an Information Resource
Women in sub-Saharan Africa report multiple impacts of menopause on daily life and have requested further information to support themselves. This study co-produced contextually relevant resourcesâbooklets and posterâabout menopause with women in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study was conducted in four stages: interviews with women about the menopause; the development of prototype information resources; workshops with women to discuss country-specific resources; and the refinement of resources. During the interviews, women explained that they had not received or accessed much information about the menopause and thought the physical and psychological issues associated with the menopause had to be âenduredâ. Prototype information resources comprised booklets and a poster with contextually relevant images and information. Workshop participants suggested several changes, including the addition of more diverse images and further information about treatments. The resources were refined, translated into several African languages, and endorsed by the Ministry of Health in Zimbabwe and the South African Menopause Society in South Africa. Women will be able to access resources through healthcare clinics, community groups and churches. Working with women and other stakeholders enabled a development that was cognisant of experiences and needs. Work is now needed to improve access to treatments and support for menopause to reduce health inequities