Assimilation in Multilingual Cities

Using the Public Use Microdata Files of the 2001 and 2006 Canadian Censuses, we study the determinants of the assimilation of language minorities into the city majority language. We show that official minority members (i.e. francophones in English-speaking cities and anglophones in French-speaking cities) assimilate less than the "allophones" (the individuals with a mother tongue other than English or French), and that immigrants generally assimilate less than natives. In addition, the language composition of cities is shown to be an important determinant of assimilation both for allophones and for official minorities. Finally, we show that assimilation into French in French-majority cities is lower than assimilation into English in English-majority cities even when controlling for the language composition of the cities and including a rich set of language dummies.immigration, assimilation, language policies, minorities

Assimilation in Multilingual Cities

Using the Public Use Microdata Files of the 2001 and 2006 Canadian Censuses, we study the determinants of the assimilation of language minorities into the city majority language. We show that official minority members (i.e. francophones in English-speaking cities and anglophones in French-speaking cities) assimilate less than the "allophones" (the individuals with a mother tongue other than English or French), and that immigrants generally assimilate less than natives. In addition, the language composition of cities is shown to be an important determinant of assimilation both for allophones and for official minorities. Finally, we show that assimilation into French in French-majority cities is lower than assimilation into English in English-majority cities even when controlling for the language composition of the cities and including a rich set of language dummmies.immigration, assimilation, language policies, minorities

Immigration and the Occupational Choice of Natives: A Factor Proportions Approach

This paper evaluates the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives in France over the period 1962-1999. Combining large (up to 25%) extracts from six censuses and data from Labor Force Surveys, we exploit the variation in the immigrant share across education/experience cells and over time to identify the impact of immigration. In the Borjas (2003) specification, we find that a 10% increase in immigration increases native wages by 3%. However, as the number of immigrants and the number of natives are positively and strongly correlated across cells, the immigrant share may not be a good measure of the immigration shock. When the log of natives and the log of immigrants are used as regressors instead, the impact of immigration on natives' wages is still positive but much smaller, and natives' wages are negatively related to the number of natives. To understand this asymmetry and the positive impact of immigration on wages, we explore the link between immigration and the occupational distribution of natives within education/ experience cells. Our results suggest that immigration leads to the reallocation of natives to better-paid occupations within education/experience cells.Immigration, occupations

Immigration and the Occupational Choice of Natives: A Factor Proportions Approach

This paper evaluates the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives in France over the period 1962-1999. Combining large (up to 25%) extracts from six censuses and data from Labor Force Surveys, we exploit the variation in the immigrant share across education/experience cells and over time to identify the impact of immigration. In the Borjas (2003) specification, we find that a 10% increase in immigration increases native wages by 3%. However, as the number of immigrants and the number of natives are positively and strongly correlated across cells, the immigrant share may not be a good measure of the immigration shock. When the log of natives and the log of immigrants are used as regressors instead, the impact of immigration on natives' wages is still positive but much smaller, and natives’ wages are negatively related to the number of natives. To understand this asymmetry and the positive impact of immigration on wages, we explore the link between immigration and the occupational distribution of natives within education/experience cells. Our results suggest that immigration leads to the reallocation of natives to better-paid occupations within education/experience cells.immigration, occupations

Minority Segregation Processes in an Urban Context: a Comparison between Paris and Rome Recent trends in ethnic segregation in cities: Paris and Rome compared

Il processo di segregazione delle minoranze etniche assume caratteristiche diverse nei paesi di antica immigrazione (Francia, Gran Bretagna, Paesi Bassi, Germania) rispetto a quanto osservato in quelli di nuovo accoglimento (Italia, Spagna, Grecia e Portogallo). L'analisi condotta nel contributo mette a confronto due città globali (Parigi e Roma, aree urbane appartenenti a due diversi gruppi di paesi tra quelli citati) che ospitano una consistenza presenza straniera. Contrariamente alle attese non sembra emergere un aumento della segregazione etnica nelle due città, dove anzi sembrerebbe manifestarsi un contenimento delle differenze tra le modalità insediative della popolazione straniera e di quella autoctona.The process of minority segregation within global cities is a complex phenomenon. In the European urban context, the process of minority segregation seems to differ in the old immigration countries (France, UK, Netherlands, Germany) from the new immigration countries (Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal). The analysis compares two global cities (Paris and Rome), taking into consideration the current evolution of the minority segregation pattern. The study shows that no traces of increasing segregation emerge in either of the cities

Pourquoi le travail se bipolarise

Depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années, les emplois intermédiaires diminuent au profit de ceux très ou, au contraire, peu qualifiés. Cette bipolarisation s'explique par le développement de l'informatique et du commerce international

Le logement social diminue-t-il la ségrégation ? Les leçons ambiguës de l’immigration non-européenne en France

La hausse du nombre d’immigrés non-européens résidant en logements sociaux en France a eu des effets ambivalents sur la ségrégation à leur égard. Si leur installation dans des cités de taille modeste a modéré leur concentration, leur installation dans les grands ensembles l’a renforcée, notamment parce qu’en même temps le nombre de natifs dans les logements privés de ces quartiers a chuté. La répartition des HLM entre quartiers a un impact important sur la mixité sociale

Public Housing and Residential Segregation of Immigrants in France, 1968-1999

This paper studies the evolution of the residential segregation of immigrants between and within urban areas in France from 1968 to 1999 using census data. During this period, European and non-European immigrant segregation followed diverging trends. This paper documents the large increase in public housing participation rates of non-European immigrants after 1980 and highlights how public housing participation is related to contemporary segregation. At the macro-geographical level, results indicate a decrease in the concentration of immigrants across urban areas, showing a lower concentration of non-European immigrants living in public housing across urban areas. Within cities, national origin segregation was predominant until 1968 for all groups and declined afterward, particularly for European immigrants. For non-European immigrants participating in public housing, the decline in segregation by national origin has been counterbalanced by an increase in regional segregation. Immigrants of different national origins have increasingly clustered in the same public housing neighborhoods. In 1999, immigrants in public housing experienced higher segregation levels than immigrants in private housing, particularly non-European immigrants. I find no relationship between differences in average arrival year and differences in segregation levels across immigrant groups.segregation, immigration, public housing, France

Evolution des taux d’activité en Europe pendant la Grande Récession : le rôle de la démographie et de la polarisation de l’emploi

En Europe comme aux Etats-Unis l’emploi a considérablement reculé pendant la Grande Récession. De plus, au cours des dernières décennies, les forces de l’automatisation et de la mondialisation ont bouleversé les marchés du travail dans les deux régions. Cependant, la réponse des taux d’activités à ces changements a varié d’un pays à l’autre. L’un des événements les plus importants sur le marché du travail aux Etats-Unis au cours de la dernière décennie a été le déclin de la population active. De 2004 à 2013, le taux d’activité des 25 à 54 ans a diminué de 2,6 points de pourcentage (passant de 83,8% à 81,1%) et cette baisse a persisté bien au-delà de la fin de la Grande Récession. A l’inverse, dans l’UE 15, le taux d’activité pour cette catégorie d’âge a augmenté de 2 points au cours de la même période (de 83,7% à 85,6%), malgré la faible croissance et la persistance d’un niveau élevé de chômage. [Premier paragraphe]In Europe as in the United States, employment fell considerably during the Great Recession. Moreover, over the last few decades, the labour markets in both regions have been reshaped by the forces of automation and globalization. However, the response of labour force participation to these changes has varied from country to country. One of the most significant developments in the US labour market over the past decade has been the decline in labour force participation. Between 2004 and 2013, the labour force participation rate for the group aged 25 to 54 fell by 2.6 percentage points (from 83.8% to 81.1%), a decline that has persisted well beyond the end of the Great Recession. In the EU-15, on the other hand, the participation rate for this age group increased by 2 percentage points during the same period (from 83.7% to 85.6%), despite low growth and the persistence of high levels of unemployment. [First paragraph

Moving Up or Down? Immigration and the Selection of Natives across Occupations and Locations

Exploiting a large French panel for 1976-2007, we examine the impact of low-educated immigration on the labour market outcomes of blue-collar natives initially in jobs where immigrants became overrepresented in the last decades. Immigrant inflows generate substantial reallocations of natives across locations and occupations. Location movers are negatively selected while occupation movers are positively selected and move towards better paid-jobs characterised by less routine tasks. As a result, controlling for composition effects has an important quantitative impact on the estimated effects of immigration. Low-educated immigration generally lowers the wages of blue-collar workers, but its impact is heterogeneous across sectors