Pathways to Accelerated Carbon Mineralization in Mine Tailings

Alkaline waste generated from mining of magnesium silicate rocks reacts spontaneously with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) to precipitate carbon in solid mineral form. The total capacity of these mine tailings to sequester carbon is about ten times greater than greenhouse gas emissions of associated mining and mineral processing. Waste from mining activity globally has capacity to sequester 100-200 Mt of CO2 per year. However passive, or unintentional, CO2 mineralization at individual mine sites is modest (1-50 kt/yr), and typically limited by CO2 supply. Acceleration of these reactions represents an opportunity to generate considerable greenhouse gas offsets for the industry, and to develop expertise in carbon mineralization that is relevant to accelerated weathering at Earth’s surface and mineral trapping in low temperature aquifers and reservoirs. Experimental acceleration of carbon mineralization is readily achieved through enhanced delivery of CO2, wherein reaction rates are limited by rates of cation (e.g., Mg2+) supply from mineral dissolution. Further acceleration requires optimization of mineral dissolution processes. Continuous-flow dissolution experiments on minerals and mine tailings exhibit rapid, transient cation release rates that decay to slower rates indicative of conventional steady-state bulk mineral dissolution processes (Fig. 1A). The transient initial phase of the experiments can release a significant amount (5-10%) of the total cation content of the material. It reflects the dissolution of highly soluble trace minerals, and surface processes in sheet silicate minerals which together we take to represent the labile cation capacity of the material. Longer-term steady-state cation release is much slower and represents recalcitrant cation capacity indicative of bulk mineral dissolution. The labile cation content represents the carbon mineralization capacity of alkaline mine wastes accessible with existing low-cost technologies while recalcitrant cation content is unlikely to be tapped at existing carbon prices (Fig. 1B). Measured labile cation content of mine tailings varies substantially between and within deposits, with implications for how carbon mineralization capacity should be characterized and how carbonation intervention would be incorporated into mine operations. Specific mines and specific alteration types with high labile cation content, which for some mines is sufficient to offset total mine greenhouse gas emissions, should be the focus of pilot scale carbon mineralization projects. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Offsetting of CO₂ emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining

The hydrated Mg-carbonate mineral, hydromagnesite [Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂•4H₂O], precipitates within mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia as a direct result of mining operations. We have used quantitative mineralogical data and δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and F¹⁴C isotopic data to quantify the amount of CO₂fixation and identify carbon sources. Our radiocarbon results indicate that at least 80% of carbon stored in hydromagnesite has been captured from the modern atmosphere. Stable isotopic results indicate that dissolution of atmospheric CO₂ into mine tailings water is kinetically limited, which suggests that the current rate of carbon mineralization could be accelerated. Reactive transport modeling is used to describe the observed variation in tailings mineralogy and to estimate rates of CO₂ fixation. Based on our assessment, approximately 39,800 t/yr of atmospheric CO₂ are being trapped and stored in tailings at Mount Keith. This represents an offsetting of approximately 11% of the mine's annual greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, passive sequestration via enhanced weathering of mineral waste can capture and store a significant amount of CO₂. Recommendations are made for changes to tailings management and ore processing practices that have potential to accelerate carbonation of tailings and further reduce or completely offset the net greenhouse gas emissions at Mount Keith and many other mines

The crystal structure of stichtite, re-examination of barbertonite, and the nature of polytypism in MgCr hydrotalcites

abStraCt Stichtite, ideally Mg 6 Cr 2 CO 3 (OH) 16 •4H 2 O, from Stichtite Hill, Tasmania, Australia, and barbertonite, also ideally Mg 6 Cr 2 CO 3 (OH) 16 •4H 2 O, from the Kaapsehoop asbestos mine, South Africa, have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction and their structures have been refined using the Rietveld method. Stichtite from Stichtite Hill crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3m, with unitcell parameters a = 3.09575(3) and c = 23.5069(6) Å, V = 195.099(6) Å 3 , with Z = 3/8. Barbertonite from the Kaapsehoop asbestos mine crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6 3 /mmc. The co-type specimens of barbertonite were found to be intergrown mixtures consisting of barbertonite and stichtite. Unit-cell parameters of barbertonite from the co-type specimens were a = 3.09689(6), c = 15.6193(8) Å, and V = 129.731(8) Å 3 and a = 3.09646(6), c = 15.627(1) Å V = 129.76(1) Å 3 , and Z = ¼. Rietveld refinements of both stichtite and barbertonite show that they are polytypes rather than polymorphs and do not represent distinct mineral species. Several possible nomenclature systems are discussed for the naming of hydrotalcite minerals and groups. Raman band assignments are also presented for stichtite from Stichtite Hill. Stichtite and hydrotalcite minerals make up a large proportion of the ore at the Mount Keith nickel mine in Western Australia. Bulk powder diffraction shows the ore contains 6.1 wt% stichtite and 5.6 wt% iowaite. Hydrotalcite group minerals provide an important potential reservoir of CO 2 . At Mount Keith, the amount of CO 2 mined as stichtite could exceed 45 000 metric tons per year, while exchange of Cl for CO 3 could fix in excess of 40 000 metric tons CO 2 per year if end-member iowaite is reacted to form pyaroaurite

Large-Scale Stable Isotope Alteration Around the Hydrothermal Carbonate-Replacement Cinco de Mayo Zn-Ag Deposit, Mexico

Carbonate-hosted hydrothermal deposits typically show narrow visible mineralogical and textural alteration halos, which inhibit exploration targeting. In contrast, hydrothermal modification of the country rock’s stable isotope composition usually extends far beyond the limited visible alteration. Hence, stable isotope studies should be an effective tool to aid exploration for carbonate-hosted deposits. Here we present new insight into the development of a large stable isotope alteration halo based on 910 O and C isotope analyses of carbonate veins and hydrothermally altered limestone hosting the Cinco de Mayo Pb-Zn-Ag (Au, Cu) carbonate replacement deposit (CRD), in Chihuahua, Mexico. Our results demonstrate that stable isotope alteration is consistent with reactive, magmatic fluid flow into unaltered limestone and represents a powerful tool for the characterization of these hydrothermal ore systems. Synmineralization veins are texturally and isotopically distinct from those formed during pre- and postmineralization diagenesis and fluid flow and show distinct gradients along the direction of mineralizing fluid flow: this appears to be a promising exploration vectoring tool. Downhole variations in wall-rock isotope values reveal aquifers and aquicludes and outline the principal hydrothermal flow paths. Furthermore, wall-rock δ18OVSMOW systematically decreases toward mineralization from ~23‰ to <17‰ over a distance of ~10 km, providing another vectoring tool. The extent of the stable isotope alteration halo likely reflects the overall fluid volume and areal extent of a fossil hydrothermal system, which may be expected to scale with the mineral endowment. This suggests that constraining the size, shape, and degree of isotopic alteration has direct application to mineral exploration by outlining the system and indicating the potential size of a deposit

Cation Exchange in Smectites as a New Approach to Mineral Carbonation

Mineral carbonation of alkaline mine residues is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that can be employed by the mining industry. Here, we describe the mineralogy and reactivity of processed kimberlites and kimberlite ore from Venetia (South Africa) and Gahcho Kué (Canada) diamond mines, which are smectite-rich (2.3–44.1 wt.%). Whereas, serpentines, olivines, hydrotalcites and brucite have been traditionally used for mineral carbonation, little is known about the reactivity of smectites to CO2. The smectite from both mines is distributed as a fine-matrix and is saponite, Mx/mm+Mg3(AlxSi4−x)O10(OH)2·nH2O, where the layer charge deficiency is balanced by labile, hydrated interlayer cations (Mm+). A positive correlation between cation exchange capacity and saponite content indicates that smectite is the most reactive phase within these ultramafic rocks and that it can be used as a source of labile Mg2+ and Ca2+ for carbonation reactions. Our work shows that smectites provide the fast reactivity of kimberlite to CO2 in the absence of the highly reactive mineral brucite [Mg(OH)2]. It opens up the possibility of using other, previously inaccessible rock types for mineral carbonation including tailings from smectite-rich sediment-hosted metal deposits and oil sands tailings. We present a decision tree for accelerated mineral carbonation at mines based on this revised understanding of mineralogical controls on carbonation potential

Biologically induced mineralization of dypingite by cyanobacteria from an alkaline wetland near Atlin, British Columbia, Canada

Background: This study provides experimental evidence for biologically induced precipitation of magnesium carbonates, specifically dypingite (Mg(CO)(OH) ·5HO), by cyanobacteria from an alkaline wetland near Atlin, British Columbia. This wetland is part of a larger hydromagnesite (Mg(CO)(OH) ·4HO) playa. Abiotic and biotic processes for magnesium carbonate precipitation in this environment are compared. Results: Field observations show that evaporation of wetland water produces carbonate films of nesquehonite (MgCO ·3HO) on the water surface and crusts on exposed surfaces. In contrast, benthic microbial mats possessing filamentous cyanobacteria (Lyngbya sp.) contain platy dypingite (Mg (CO)4(OH)·5HO) and aragonite. Bulk carbonates in the benthic mats (δC avg. = 6.7%, δO avg. = 17.2%) were isotopically distinguishable from abiotically formed nesquehonite (δC avg. = 9.3%, δO avg. = 24.9%). Field and laboratory experiments, which emulated natural conditions, were conducted to provide insight into the processes for magnesium carbonate precipitation in this environment. Field microcosm experiments included an abiotic control and two microbial systems, one containing ambient wetland water and one amended with nutrients to simulate eutrophic conditions. The abiotic control developed an extensive crust of nesquehonite on its bottom surface during which [Mg] decreased by 16.7% relative to the starting concentration. In the microbial systems, precipitation occurred within the mats and was not simply due to the capturing of mineral grains settling out of the water column. Magnesium concentrations decreased by 22.2% and 38.7% in the microbial systems, respectively. Laboratory experiments using natural waters from the Atlin site produced rosettes and flakey globular aggregates of dypingite precipitated in association with filamentous cyanobacteria dominated biofilms cultured from the site, whereas the abiotic control again precipitated nesquehonite. Conclusion: Microbial mats in the Atlin wetland create ideal conditions for biologically induced precipitation of dypingite and have presumably played a significant role in the development of this natural Mg-carbonate playa. This biogeochemical process represents an important link between the biosphere and the inorganic carbon pool

Mineralogical Study of a Biologically-Based Treatment System That Removes Arsenic, Zinc and Copper from Landfill Leachate

Mineralogical characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a high throughput automated quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) was conducted on samples from a sulphate-reducing biochemical reactor (BCR) treating high concentrations of metals (As, Zn, Cu) in smelter waste landfill seepage. The samples were also subjected to energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of specific particles. The bulk analysis results revealed that the samples consisted mainly of silicate and carbonate minerals. More detailed phase analysis indicated four different classes: zinc-arsenic sulphosalts/sulphates, zinc-arsenic oxides, zinc phosphates and zinc-lead sulphosalts/sulphates. This suggests that sulphates and sulphides are the predominant types of Zn and As minerals formed in the BCR. Sphalerite (ZnS) was a common mineral observed in many of the samples. In addition, X-ray point analysis showed evidence of As and Zn coating around feldspar and amphibole particles. The presence of arsenic-zinc-iron, with or without cadmium particles, indicated arsenopyrite minerals. Copper-iron-sulphide particles suggested chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and tennantite (Cu,Fe)₁₂As₄S₁₃. Microbial communities found in each sample were correlated with metal content to describe taxonomic groups associated with high-metal samples. The research results highlight mineral grains that were present or formed at the site that might be the predominant forms of immobilized arsenic, zinc and copper.Applied Science, Faculty ofScience, Faculty ofChemical and Biological Engineering, Department ofEarth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department ofReviewedFacult

Bioleaching of Ultramafic Tailings by Acidithiobacillus spp. for CO2 Sequestration

Bioleaching experiments using various acid-generating substances, i.e., metal sulfides and elemental sulfur, were conducted to demonstrate the accelerated dissolution of chrysotile tailings collected from an asbestos mine near Clinton Creek, Yukon, Canada. Columns, possessing an acid-generating substance colonized with Acidithiobacillus sp., produced leachates with magnesium concentrations that were an order of magnitude greater than mine site waters or control column leachates. In addition, chrysotile tailings were efficient at neutralizing acidity, which resulted in the immobilization of metals (Fe, Cu, Zn) associated with the metal sulfide mine tailings that were used to generate acid. This suggests that tailings from acid mine drainage environments may be utilized to enhance chrysotile dissolution without polluting “downstream” ecosystems. These results demonstrate that the addition of an acid-generating substance in conjunction with a microbial catalyst can significantly enhance the release of magnesium ions, which are then available for the precipitation of carbonate minerals. This process, as part of a carbon dioxide sequestration program, has implications for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions in the mining industry