Trabajo y vida indígenas en los trapiches del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1576 – 16741

ABSTRACT: By a Crown´s rule, native workforce was forbidden inside the trapiches and sugar mills. Nonetheless, some Crown´s employees of the New Kingdom of Granada, in particular chief magistrates, avoided exerting this prohibition drastically, and allowed many indigenous people of encomiendas to pay their tributes with their labor on sugar production. This article studies both the reasons of this permissiveness and the changes that working on the trapiches generated among natives, especially those aspects linked to their community life and their consumption habits.RESUMEN: La mano de obra indígena estaba prohibida dentro de los trapiches e ingenios de azúcar por mandato de la Corona española. Sin embargo, en el Nuevo Reino de Granada los oficiales reales, especialmente los corregidores, evitaron ejercer drásticamente esta prohibición y permitieron que muchos indios de encomienda pagaran su tributación con el trabajo azucarero. En este artículo se estudian las razones de esta permisividad, así como los cambios que generó entre los indígenas trabajar en los trapiches, especialmente los aspectos vinculados a la vida comunitaria y a los hábitos de consumo de los indígenas

To Eat and To Be : food as Differenciation Policy in Spanish America, 16th and 17th Centuries

ABSTRACT: This paper demonstrates that food served as a marker of social differentiation during the 16th and 17th centuries in the Spanish possessions in America, not only in economic terms but also in the sense that food was associated with the social stratum to which a person belonged. Each one was oblidged to eat foods associated with his or her "natural" stratum. This complex hierarchical model of society was based on European patterns coming from the Middle Ages, such as the Great Chain of Being and humoral theory. This model was reinforced in the early modern period, and it took on new characteristics in America, where it was used to differentiate Spaniards, Creoles, Mestizos and Indians.RESUMEN: Este artículo muestra cómo la alimentación servía como un elemento de diferenciación social durante los siglos XVI y XVII, en la América española, no solo como un factor económico, sino asociado a la calidad o estado al que pertenecieran las personas. En este sentido, a cada uno le correspondía comer aquello que era propio de su condición estamental. Este complejo modelo de jerarquización social estaba basado en principios europeos que venían desde la Edad Media, como la gran cadena del ser y la teoría humoral. En la edad moderna, el modelo se reforzó y en América tomó nuevas características, por la forma en que se buscó diferenciar entre españoles, criollos, mestizos e indios

New World Civitas, Contested Jurisdictions and Intercultural Conversation in the Construction of the Spanish Monarchy

Jurisdictional frontiers were created, contested, and negotiated among a wide range of actors, including native Americans and Europeans, with reference to the cities founded in Castilla del Oro (roughly present-day Panama). This research deals, first, with the reshaping of the concept of a city in the New World, based on its inhabitants' sense of civitas. It analyses, secondly, the creation and redefinition of jurisdiction during political conflicts and, third, the construction and maintenance of jurisdiction through local relations with indigenous populations described as "conversation". The analysis of the creation and preservation of local jurisdictions allows for an interpretation of the complexities involved in the configuration of political power and political space from below in the territories claimed by the Spanish Monarchy.Art Empir

La inserción del maíz en el gusto de la sociedad colonial del nuevo reino de granada.

La insercion de los sabores indianos en el gusto de los conquistadores fue un proceso que recorrio diferentes vias.Aqui se trata de como lo hizo el maiz en la sociedad colonial del Nuevo Reiono de Granada.Se trabaja con base en al diferencia existente entre hambre y apetito y la manera cómo éste segundo se fue construyendo para el maíz y sus subproducto

Cardiac myosin activation with omecamtiv mecarbil in systolic heart failure

BACKGROUND The selective cardiac myosin activator omecamtiv mecarbil has been shown to improve cardiac function in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 8256 patients (inpatients and outpatients) with symptomatic chronic heart failure and an ejection fraction of 35% or less to receive omecamtiv mecarbil (using pharmacokinetic-guided doses of 25 mg, 37.5 mg, or 50 mg twice daily) or placebo, in addition to standard heart-failure therapy. The primary outcome was a composite of a first heart-failure event (hospitalization or urgent visit for heart failure) or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS During a median of 21.8 months, a primary-outcome event occurred in 1523 of 4120 patients (37.0%) in the omecamtiv mecarbil group and in 1607 of 4112 patients (39.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 0.99; P = 0.03). A total of 808 patients (19.6%) and 798 patients (19.4%), respectively, died from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.11). There was no significant difference between groups in the change from baseline on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score. At week 24, the change from baseline for the median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was 10% lower in the omecamtiv mecarbil group than in the placebo group; the median cardiac troponin I level was 4 ng per liter higher. The frequency of cardiac ischemic and ventricular arrhythmia events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection, those who received omecamtiv mecarbil had a lower incidence of a composite of a heart-failure event or death from cardiovascular causes than those who received placebo. (Funded by Amgen and others; GALACTIC-HF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02929329; EudraCT number, 2016 -002299-28.)