23 research outputs found
Enhancing Oral Vaccine Potency by Targeting Intestinal M Cells
The immune system in the gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the control of infection, as it constitutes the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens. The attractive features of oral immunization have led to the exploration of a variety of oral delivery systems. However, none of these oral delivery systems have been applied to existing commercial vaccines. To overcome this, a new generation of oral vaccine delivery systems that target antigens to gut-associated lymphoid tissue is required. One promising approach is to exploit the potential of microfold (M) cells by mimicking the entry of pathogens into these cells. Targeting specific receptors on the apical surface of M cells might enhance the entry of antigens, initiating the immune response and consequently leading to protection against mucosal pathogens. In this article, we briefly review the challenges associated with current oral vaccine delivery systems and discuss strategies that might potentially target mouse and human intestinal M cells
Use of a reference limestone fine aggregate to study the fresh and hard behavior of mortar made with recycled fine aggregate
Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete reinforced by waste carbon fibers
Analysis of Dynamic Tensile Process of Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Acoustic Emission Technique
A Comparative Study between the Effect of Steel Fiber on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) in Light and Normal Weight Self-Compacting Concretes
Suppression of Th1 and Th17, but not Th2, responses in a CD8+ T cell-mediated model of oral tolerance
Mucosal adjuvants and long-term memory development with special focus on CTA1-DD and other ADP-ribosylating toxins
Gene expression profiling identifies STAT3 as a novel pathway for immunomodulation by cholera toxin adjuvant
Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses
Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans