Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933).

24 p. : ill., map ; 26 cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-23).For the past several decades, it has been thought that Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) (type species of Prostherapis Cope, 1868) is distributed in the Chocó region of western Colombia and throughout much of Panama. This study shows that C. inguinalis is a Colombian endemic known only from the lowlands of the Chocó and Magdalena Valley--an unusual distribution pattern among dendrobatids but one shared with a several other anuran species typically known from the Chocó region. Colostethus cacerensis Rivero, 2000 "1995" is argued to be a junior synonym of C. inguinalis. The available name for the tetrodotoxin-possessing species found in Panama is C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), which is redescribed. The first record of C. panamensis in Colombia is also reported. Colostethus inguinalis and C. panamensis differ from each other in ventral coloration of adult males and adult females, flank coloration, head coloration, relative tympanum size, and mean adult female snout-vent length. Colostethus latinasus (Cope 1863) (type species of Colostethus Cope, 1866) is most similar to C. panamensis but differs in a variety of characters, including ventral coloration and toe webbing. The exact provenance of the neotype of C. latinasus is unclear, but material that agrees closely with it was collected in Panama in the Serranía de Pirre; specimens previously reported as C. latinasus from Cerro Malí in the Serranía del Darién are not conspecific with that taxon and represent an undescribed species to be named elsewhere. It is doubtful that the Colombian holotype of C. latinasus (lost for over 80 years) was conspecific with the Panamanian neotype, and specimens that agree with the neotype have yet to be discovered in Colombia. Limited data on tadpole transport provide additional evidence for the validity of several species of Colostethus that occur in western Colombia and Central America: nurse frogs of C. panamensis and C. pratti (Boulenger, 1899) appear to be exclusively female, of C. talamancae (Cope, 1875) both sexes have been reported, and of C. flotator (Dunn, 1931), C. nubicola (Dunn, 1924), and Colostethus sp. from Cerro Malí they appear to be exclusively male. The phylogenetic significance of these observations awaits further analysis

Review of Silverstoneia.

58 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 26 cm.The dendrobatid genus Silverstoneia is a clade of forest-dwelling frogs that share small adult size ( II, male nurse frogs (known in four species), and larvae possessing an umbelliform oral disc with few to many submarginal papillae and medially emarginated posterior labium (also known in four species). The clade is distributed from Costa Rica to southern Departamento del Valle del Cauca in western Colombia and includes eight species, five of which are described herein as new species. As in all species of Dendrobatoidea, in Silverstoneia the distal tendon of insertion of the m. semitendinosus inserts dorsad to the distal tendon of the mm. gracilis complex and is strapped to the dorsal edge of the inner surface of the mm. gracilis complex by a unique binding tendon. The species of Silverstoneia may be diagnosed on the basis of adult size, adult ventral coloration, thigh coloration, and degree of expansion of finger III in adult males; additionally, there are clear species differences among the known tadpoles. Taxonomic comments are given for three previously named species: Silverstoneia erasmios (Rivero and Serna), S. flotator (Dunn), and S. nubicola (Dunn). We were unable to distinguish erasmios from nubicola. However, only females of erasmios are known and its validity needs confirmation. The species S. flotator sensu lato and S. nubicola sensu lato occur north through Panama to Costa Rica; they are distinct from one another, but some intraspecific variation suggests the possible presence of unnamed sibling species. The specimen long recognized as the type of S. flotator is not the holotype, which we consider lost; however, ample material is available from the well-known type locality (Barro Colorado Island) and neotype designation is not needed. Five new species are described--all endemic to low and moderate elevations on the Pacific versant of Colombia: Silverstoneia dalyi (p. 5), S. gutturalis (p. 17), S. minima (p. 22), S. minutissima (p. 29), and S. punctiventris (p. 34)

Anomaloglossus in Panama.

19 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 26 cm.The occurrence in Panama is documented for the South American frog genus Anomaloglossus (Dendrobatoidea: Aromobatidae). Two species are described from a low, forested uplift in east-central Panama, just northeast of Panama City. These low mountains, unnamed on maps, are designated the "Chagres Highlands" because a large part of the uplift lies in the Río Chagres drainage (which provides water critical to lock operation in the Panama Canal). The Chagres Highlands may be a lower montane forest refuge for some amphibians and reptiles, including the two Anomaloglossus and Atelopus limosus, and the rare snakes Atractus depressiocellus, A. imperfectus, Geophis bellus, and Rhadinaea sargenti. Several other rare species are not endemic but include the Chagres Highland area as part of their individually fragmented or mosaic distributions (Adinobates fulguritus, Anolis kunayalae, Coniophanes joanae, Geophis bracycephalus, Dipsas nicholsi). The two new frogs are at least broadly sympatric in the Chagres Highlands, but both species are rare. Anomaloglossus astralogaster, new species, is known only from the adult female holotype (22 mm SVL). Its ventral surfaces are covered overall with whitish dots ([< or =] 0.1 mm) somewhat similar to large chromatophores but possibly glandular; there is no appearance of glandular structure at x50 magnification, but the edges of some of the pale dots can be "felt" with a fine (0.1 mm diameter) teasing needle and histological examination is needed. The other taxon is Anomaloglossus isthminus, new species, which is described from six specimens including four adult males (19-21 mm SVL), one adult female (23 mm SVL), and a juvenile female. Dorsal surfaces are basically brown mottled with darker brown. Small pale yellowish spots located proximally above the insertions of arm and thigh are not well defined and tend to disappear after preservation (unlike normal dendrobatid flash markings). Ventral surfaces are pale blue with some dark mottling but no pale dots. The vocalization of A. isthminus resembles calls of some South American species in being a train of "peeplike" notes, but there are fundamental interspecific differences in frequency modulation, note repetition rate, and call length

New species of Melanophryniscus.

31 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm.We describe a new species of bufonid from a lowland, sandy soil, restinga habitat in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Based on the shared occurrence of putative morphological synapomorphies of Melanophryniscus and the results of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of a broad sample of bufonids, and other anurans, we assign the new species to Melanophryniscus. The new species possesses several peculiar character states that distinguish it from all other Melanophryniscus including, but not limited to: fingers II, III, and V much reduced; nuptial pad with few enlarged, brown-colored spines on medial margin of finger II; seven presacral vertebrae, the last fused with the sacrum; and ventral humeral crest prominent, forming a spinelike projection

Anomaloglossus confusus, a new Ecuadorian frog formerly masquerading as "Colostethus" chocoensis (Dendrobatoidea, Aromobatidae). (American Museum novitates, no. 3659)

12 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm. "August 28, 2009." Abstract also in Spanish. Includes bibliographical references (p. 12).Anomaloglossus confusus, new species, is a small (21-26 mm SVL) riparian frog from the Pacific versant of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador. It inhabits rocky forest streams in an elevational range of about 600-1540 m. It is the only known Anomaloglossus in Ecuador, where it can be distinguished from all other dendrobatoids by the generic synapomorphy of a median lingual process. The only other named trans-Andean species of Anomaloglossus are the western Colombian A. atopoglossus and A. lacrimosus. Anomaloglossus confusus was previously confused with "Hylixalus" or "Colostethus" chocoensis (currently in Hyloxalus), a rare species described by Boulenger on the basis of a subadult female from Pacific lowland Colombia. The first adult specimen of Hyloxalus chocoensis, an adult male, is described. The generic name Hylixalus is not "an incorrect subsequent spelling" as recently interpreted, but an emendation with its own authorship and date of publication (Boulenger, 1882); as such, it is a junior objective synonym of Hyloxalus and is an available name

Review of the frog genus Silverstoneia, with descriptions of five new species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae, Colostethinae) /

no. 378

Anomaloglossus confusus, a new Ecuadorian frog formerly masquerading as "Colostethus" chocoensis (Dendrobatoidea, Aromobatidae) /

no. 365