Концепция управления персоналом банка

Рассмотрены проблемы управления персоналом в коммерческих банках Украины в современных условиях перехода страны к рыночным отношениям. Даны предложения о том, что концепция работы с персоналом в Национальном банке может быть построена на взаимосвязи ее основных механизмов.Розглянуті проблеми управління персоналом в комерційних банках України в сучасних умовах переходу країни до ринкових відносин. Дані пропозиції про те, що концепція роботи з персоналом в Національному банку може бути побудований на взаємозв'язку її основних механізмів.The problems of personnel management in the commercial banks of Ukraine in the modern terms of transition of country to the market conditions are considered. Suggestions that conception of work with a personnel in the National bank can be built on intercommunication of its basic mechanisms are given

High-resolution modeling of human and climate impacts on global water resources

A number of global hydrological models [GHMs) have been developed in recent decades in order to understand the impacts of climate variability and human activities on water resources availability. The spatial resolution of GHMs is mostly constrained at a 0.5° by 0.5° grid [∼50km by ∼50km at the equator). However, for many of the water-related problems facing society, the current spatial scale of GHMs is insufficient to provide locally relevant information. Here using the PCR-GLOBWB model we present for the first time an analysis of human and climate impacts on global water resources at a 0.1° by 0.1° grid [∼10km by ∼10km at the equator) in order to depict more precisely regional variability in water availability and use. Most of the model input data (topography, vegetation, soil properties, routing, human water use) have been parameterized at a 0.1° global grid and feature a distinctively higher resolution. Distinct from many other GHMs, PCR-GLOBWB includes groundwater representation and simulates groundwater heads and lateral groundwater flows based on MODFLOW with existing geohydrological information. This study shows that global hydrological simulations at higher spatial resolutions are feasible for multi-decadal to century periods

Limits to global groundwater consumption : Effects on groundwater levels and river low flows

Freshwater is essential for human existence. With increasing global population and economic growth, freshwater demands almost tripled over the past decades and are expected to rise further. During dry periods, when water in rivers and lakes is scarce and cannot meet human water demands, people often turn to groundwater as an alternative freshwater resource. Yet, when more groundwater is abstracted than recharged groundwater depletion occurs, groundwater levels will drop, and baseflows to rivers decreases. Excessive abstraction for irrigation, where groundwater is slowly renewed, is the main cause of the depletion and climate change has the potential to exacerbate the problem in some regions. The expected increase in water demands and the negative effects of groundwater depletion, poses the urgent question how sustainable current water uses are worldwide and where and when abstractions lead to associated problems, such as drying up of wells and falling river flows. This study assessed the limits to global groundwater consumption,by estimating past and future trends in groundwater levels and river flows as the result of changes in abstractions and climate. In this study it is predicted where and when groundwater levels drop that low that groundwater becomes unattainable for abstractions, or where and when groundwater discharges no longer help to sustain river low flows. In this study a coupled version of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB and a groundwater model using MODFLOW is developed. The model is the first global scale model that simulates lateral groundwater flows, that accounts for groundwater-surface water interactions, and that includes geohydrological information in its parameterization of aquifers, including estimates of aquifer thickness, and likelihood of confining units. Also, a dynamic scheme is introduced to allocate water demands over groundwater and surface water resources based on the water availability in the resource. This new information and novel model approachesare needed to realistically simulate the effects of groundwater and surface water use on groundwater levels and river flows. Water abstractions of the recent past and near future are included (1960-2010). This study is the first that reveals hotspots of groundwater depletion on confined aquifers. Regions where groundwater is already, or almost unattainable for abstraction are found for intensively irrigated regions in dry climates, for example in India, Pakistan, North China and the Mid-West of the US. It is expected that groundwater demands will intensify, particularly for these regions and for semi-arid regions, due to increase of drought frequency and duration reflected in river low flows, combined with population growth, expanding irrigation areas, and rising standards of living. Groundwater depletion will rise worldwide, and new regions experiencing groundwater depletion will develop. For some of these regions groundwater will become unattainable for abstractions. Examples are Southern Europe, parts of Africa, and the Middle East. Global cost to ensure groundwater supply will increase rapidly. Regionally, an increase or decline in exploitation cost will be an essential factor in future economic development and should be carefully considered in order to warrant a reliable groundwater supply under changing climatic conditions

Limits to global groundwater consumption : Effects on groundwater levels and river low flows

Freshwater is essential for human existence. With increasing global population and economic growth, freshwater demands almost tripled over the past decades and are expected to rise further. During dry periods, when water in rivers and lakes is scarce and cannot meet human water demands, people often turn to groundwater as an alternative freshwater resource. Yet, when more groundwater is abstracted than recharged groundwater depletion occurs, groundwater levels will drop, and baseflows to rivers decreases. Excessive abstraction for irrigation, where groundwater is slowly renewed, is the main cause of the depletion and climate change has the potential to exacerbate the problem in some regions. The expected increase in water demands and the negative effects of groundwater depletion, poses the urgent question how sustainable current water uses are worldwide and where and when abstractions lead to associated problems, such as drying up of wells and falling river flows. This study assessed the limits to global groundwater consumption,by estimating past and future trends in groundwater levels and river flows as the result of changes in abstractions and climate. In this study it is predicted where and when groundwater levels drop that low that groundwater becomes unattainable for abstractions, or where and when groundwater discharges no longer help to sustain river low flows. In this study a coupled version of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB and a groundwater model using MODFLOW is developed. The model is the first global scale model that simulates lateral groundwater flows, that accounts for groundwater-surface water interactions, and that includes geohydrological information in its parameterization of aquifers, including estimates of aquifer thickness, and likelihood of confining units. Also, a dynamic scheme is introduced to allocate water demands over groundwater and surface water resources based on the water availability in the resource. This new information and novel model approachesare needed to realistically simulate the effects of groundwater and surface water use on groundwater levels and river flows. Water abstractions of the recent past and near future are included (1960-2010). This study is the first that reveals hotspots of groundwater depletion on confined aquifers. Regions where groundwater is already, or almost unattainable for abstraction are found for intensively irrigated regions in dry climates, for example in India, Pakistan, North China and the Mid-West of the US. It is expected that groundwater demands will intensify, particularly for these regions and for semi-arid regions, due to increase of drought frequency and duration reflected in river low flows, combined with population growth, expanding irrigation areas, and rising standards of living. Groundwater depletion will rise worldwide, and new regions experiencing groundwater depletion will develop. For some of these regions groundwater will become unattainable for abstractions. Examples are Southern Europe, parts of Africa, and the Middle East. Global cost to ensure groundwater supply will increase rapidly. Regionally, an increase or decline in exploitation cost will be an essential factor in future economic development and should be carefully considered in order to warrant a reliable groundwater supply under changing climatic conditions

Input files underlying the the publication "PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model”

The folder "pcrglobwb2_input" contains global-extent input files, e.g. meteorological forcing data and model parameters, for running PCR-GLOBWB model (Sutanudjaja et al., 2018, ). PCR-GLOBWB is a hydrology and water resources model developed at Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, intended for global and regional applications. Using the input files in the folder "pcrglobwb2_input", global-extent PCR-GLOBWB model runs can be performed at the spatial resolutions of 5 arcmin (~10 km at the equator) and 30 arcmin (50 km). As examples, some 5 arcmin simulation output files are given in the folder "example_output". The model codes of PCR-GLOBWB are open source and available on . Please refer to Sutanudjaja et al. (2018) and its reference list for further explanations about how the data were derived. The input files in the folder "pcrglobwb2_input" are basically the same as the ones shared on (Sutanudjaja et al., 2017). Yet, we have converted all PCRaster files to NetCDF format so that all input files can be accessed using OPeNDAP