Logic and logogrif in German idealism : an investigation into the notion of experience in Kant, Fichte, Schelling

In this thesis I investigate the notion of experience in German Idealist Philosophy. I focus on the exploration of an alternative to the transcendental model notion of experience through Schelling's insight into the notion of logogrif. The structural division of this project into two sections reflects the two theoretical standpoints of this project, namely the logic and the logogrif of experience. The first section - the logic of experience - explores the notion of experience provided in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Judgement and Fichte's Science of Knowledge. I argue that Kant's fundamental question about the possibility of synthetic a priori judgements succeeds in thematising the aporia of cognitive experience but results in a subject-oriented, representational model which radically confines the notion of experience to the constitutive laws of the understanding or to the normative precepts of Reason. Experience is founded upon a sharp division between faith and knowledge, will and logic, desire and reflection, absolute and finitude. Fichte's endeavour to articulate a non-representational account of experience, does not succeed in extricating itself from the representational model, so long as experience is reduced to the ever-producing deeds of the self-positing ego. Despite the serious differences between Kant's and Fichte's notions of experience, both accounts, so long as they unfold from a transcendental standpoint, attempt to resolve experience into conceptual laws or determinations of the ego's absolute will. Experience is transformed into an object of the subject's cognitive or volitional faculties. The paradoxes of man's interaction with the world are intended to be accommodated either by the law-giving spontaneity of the understanding and the Architectonic of Pure Reason or by the overpowerful primordial act of the self-positing ego. This implies the conceptualisation of the self in terms of constant identity-through-time, or sheer self-determination. However, this conceptualisation remains at the normative or prescriptive level, which in turn is projected upon the world. The latter, though appears as the subject's property, essentially remains alien and opaque, confirming the radical limitations of the ego rather than its order-giving authority. Moreover, this notion of experience is ultimately founded upon a radical expulsion of the divine from the world, the de-spiritualisation of the sensual and the de-sensualisation of the spiritual, the sharp juxtaposition between absolute and finitude. This results in a self-defeating subjectivity, whose firm identity and rule-giving authority does not rescue it from its perennial unattainability to 'organise the conditioned' or 'conquer the unconditioned'. In Kant's and Fichte's thought, however, I detect elements that potentially transgress their transcendental account of experience. These are found in Kant's concept of spontaneity and free play between understanding and imagination, and Fichte's concept of productivity. I argue that these elements lose their potential dynamism, so long as they are absorbed by the transcendental demands for the solution of the aporias of logic. However, these elements point to the need for a radical re-conceptualisation of the notion of experience. This is provided by means of Schelling's logogriflic approach, which constitutes the theme of the second section. The second section - the logogrif of experience - attempts to articulate a different approach towards the notion of experience, through an exploration of Schelling's versatile and provocative thought. This section focuses on Schelling's original insight into the notion and act of logogrif, which opens the dialogue between logos and mythos, cosmic becoming and human soul, cosmic imagination and human reflection, faith and knowledge. This section attempts to illuminate Schelling's fascinating philosophical investigations and discoveries that have been rather overlooked, possibly, due to Hegel's overwhelming critique. This section, after a brief critical examination of the Identity Philosophy, attempts to elucidate Schelling's notion of experience through his middle works, Of Human Freedom, Ages of the World, The Deities of Samothrace, which are treated as a self-developing trilogy. Schelling re-addresses the aporias of logic not as part of Reason's self-interrogation but as part of the cosmic paradoxes and living experiences. In this way, Schelling resets the scene of the debate on the conditions of possibility for cognitive experience by putting on the stage the enigmas of the cosmos and life rather than the Tribunal of Reason. Logic itself is conceived as a potency in the cosmic becoming, and consequently can no longer attempt to establish the transcendental conditions for the possibility of cognitive experience. Cosmic becoming, in which man is an active part, is conceived as the process of the movement, the interaction, the transformations and transmutations of multiple potencies. These, far beyond any mechanical conceptualisation, appear as self-moving and yet interdependent, unknown yet familiar, inscrutable and yet manifest powers, describing the mystery of life itself. The latter is depicted as an ever-recurrent act of longing for self-expression as active unity. Experience is conceived as the lived process of a network of living potencies, which may not only resist rational powers but may also puzzle and seize them. In this context, reflection acquires a plastic dimension, as opposed to its rigidity in the representational model of experience. Reflection depicts cosmic longing's self-formation, whose man is part. This self-bending formation partially illuminates the nature of longing, and from this standpoint is the logic of the longing. However, this formation is movable, transmutable and mostly ineffable, and from this standpoint is the logic of a riddle: a logogrif. Logogrif is the transitive term that attempts to describe the transition of experience from its enacted phase to its allusive conceptual utterance, and in this sense the term itself participates in both phases, as both form of thought and form of life. The logogrific approach to experience in turn transposes us as from the realm of pure concepts to the realm of the mystery of life, from pure thought to acts of longing, from the Architectonic of Pure Reason to Cosmic Theurgy. The latter term attempts to grasp the paradox and dynamism of cosmic and non-cosmic becoming by means of multiple, vanishing and ever-recurring, transmutable potencies, or in Schelling's terms 'the magic of insoluble life'. Schelling's logogrific account consists in a powerful voice for the re-enchantment of the world, the introduction into the notion of experience of the imminence of the divine. This is not suggested in terms of the adoption of old religious doctrines but by means of the discovery and re-discovery of the theurgy of life, through the intensification of our artistic mood, the creative expansion of our deeds. This notion of experience allows for the reconsideration of the notion of the self, in terms of a dynamic, conflictual process between conscious and unconscious powers and the critical revaluation of the accounts of subjectivity which reduce it to the sphere of self-consciousness. The thesis concludes with the need for an investigation into the relation between logos and mythos, which only tangentially has been introduced by the present project. In this context it will be possible to re-appraise the potential that the logogrific approach opens for an alternative to both logical and traditional mythological patterns of thinking

Continuum-based models and concepts for the transport of nanoparticles in saturated porous media: A state-of-the-science review

Environmental applications of nanoparticles (NP) increasingly result in widespread NP distribution within porous media where they are subject to various concurrent transport mechanisms including irreversible deposition, attachment/detachment (equilibrium or kinetic), agglomeration, physical straining, site-blocking, ripening, and size exclusion. Fundamental research in NP transport is typically conducted at small scale, and theoretical mechanistic modeling of particle transport in porous media faces challenges when considering the simultaneous effects of transport mechanisms. Continuum modeling approaches, in contrast, are scalable across various scales ranging from column experiments to aquifer. They have also been able to successfully describe the simultaneous occurrence of various transport mechanisms of NP in porous media such as blocking/straining or agglomeration/deposition/detachment. However, the diversity of model equations developed by different authors and the lack of effective approaches for their validation present obstacles to the successful robust application of these models for describing or predicting NP transport phenomena. This review aims to describe consistently all the important NP transport mechanisms along with their representative mathematical continuum models as found in the current scientific literature. Detailed characterizations of each transport phenomenon in regards to their manifestation in the column experiment outcomes, i.e., breakthrough curve (BTC) and residual concentration profile (RCP), are presented to facilitate future interpretations of BTCs and RCPs. The review highlights two NP transport mechanisms, agglomeration and size exclusion, which are potentially of great importance in controlling the fate and transport of NP in the subsurface media yet have been widely neglected in many existing modeling studies. A critical limitation of the continuum modeling approach is the number of parameters used upon application to larger scales and when a series of transport mechanisms are involved. We investigate the use of simplifying assumptions, such as the equilibrium assumption, in modeling the attachment/detachment mechanisms within a continuum modelling framework. While acknowledging criticisms about the use of this assumption for NP deposition on a mechanistic (process) basis, we found that its use as a description of dynamic deposition behavior in a continuum model yields broadly similar results to those arising from a kinetic model. Furthermore, we show that in two dimensional (2-D) continuum models the modeling efficiency based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is enhanced for equilibrium vs kinetic with no significant reduction in model performance. This is because fewer parameters are needed for the equilibrium model compared to the kinetic model. Two major transport regimes are identified in the transport of NP within porous media. The first regime is characterized by higher particle-surface attachment affinity than particle-particle attachment affinity, and operative transport mechanisms of physicochemical filtration, blocking, and physical retention. The second regime is characterized by the domination of particle-particle attachment tendency over particle-surface affinity. In this regime although physicochemical filtration as well as straining may still be operative, ripening is predominant together with agglomeration and further subsequent retention. In both regimes careful assessment of NP fate and transport is necessary since certain combinations of concurrent transport phenomena leading to large migration distances are possible in either case

Logic and logogrif in German Idealism An investigation into the notion of experience in Kant, Fichte, Schelling

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN040911 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Clinicopathological study of perinatal mortality of fetuses of second and third trimester

Introduction: Perinatal mortality reflects the level of health system in every country and constitutes one of the basic indicators of obstetric care. This study aims to present the perinatal mortality causes and rates of the last 20 years in a tertiary Greek hospital. Materials and methods: This retrospective study is based on the pathology department-autopsies of stillbirths of perinatal period (22 weeks of gestation to 7 days postpartum) regarding clinical information. We excluded pharmaceutical abortions and those containing vague variables. The macro/microscopic examination was performed by a pathologist specialized in perinatal medicine. Between over than 32 recorded classification systems, we selected the ReCoDe 2005(relevant condition of death) which best-corresponded on the findings of our laboratory. Results: The sample comprised 278 deaths of fetuses and newborns between 23.520 births from 1993 until 2012. The registration data were divided by time and gestational age. 52.1% of deaths were related to boys. Also, 90.3% of cases were premature. The average weight was 1029, 3 gr and percentile average was 29.8. In 78.4% of cases the placenta was not normal and 27.7% the umbilical cord was not normal. Still, 33.0% of cases concerned twin / multiple pregnancies. The type of death was mainly automatic before birth-stillbirths (94.6% of cases). 30.9% of abortions were recorded from 1993 to 1997, and the majority of abortions took place between 22nd and 27th week of pregnancy with the rate reaching 61.2%. Also, 33.2% of cases involved mothers who were 25-30 years old and 31.8% for mothers who were 31-35 years old. Overall, 11.8 abortions per 1000 live births were recorded, while the most frequent cause of death concerned in embryo problem with the rate reaching 44.6%, while 19.4% had a problem with the placenta.Conclusions: The important reduction of perinatal mortality in a representative sample of the Greek area is an indicator of improvement in perinatal medicine. However, the target rates highlight the need for careful observation and recording of perinatal mortality etiology.Εισαγωγή: Η περιγεννητική θνησιμότητα είναι ένας από τους πρωιμότερους δείκτες Μαιευτικής Περίθαλψης. Έχουν καταγραφεί τουλάχιστον 32 συστήματα ταξινόμησης των αιτιών θανάτου με βάση διαφορετικούς ορισμούς, τη χρονική περίοδο, τα διαφορετικά δεδομένα και τους στόχους των εκάστοτε μελετών. Παρουσιάζουμε τα αίτα θανάτου των θνησιγενών εμβρύων και νεογνών κατά τα έτη 1993-2012 σε τριτοβάθμιο Νοσοκομείο των Αθηνών. Υλικά και Μέθοδος: Πρόκειται για μια αναδρομική μελέτη βασισμένη στο αρχείο των νεκροτομών εμβρύων και νεογνών της τελευταίας 20ετίας από την 22η εβδομάδα κύησης έως και 7 ημέρες μετά τον τοκετό. Για την ταξινόμηση των αποτελεσμάτων εξαιρέθηκαν οι φαρμακευτικές αποβολές και όσες περιείχαν ασαφείς μεταβλητές. Η μακρο/μικροσκοπική εξέταση του θνησιγενούς εμβρύου-υμένων πραγματοποιήθηκαν από παθολογοανατόμο εξειδικευμένο στην περιγεννητική ιατρική. Επιλέχθηκε το σύστημα ReCoDe2005 (relevant condition of death) το οποίο ανταποκρινόταν με απλό και ανά εξεταζόμενη μονάδα -έμβρυο, μητέρα, υμένες, τραύμα κτλ- στα ευρήματα του Εργαστηρίου μας.Αποτελέσματα: Από το 1993 μέχρι το 2012 καταγράφηκαν 23.520 γεννήσεις. Σε αυτές, σημειώθηκαν 278 περιγεννητικοί θάνατοι. Το 52,1% των θανάτων αφορούσε σε αγόρια. Επίσης, το 90,3% των περιπτώσεων ήταν πρόωρα. Το μέσο βάρος ήταν 1029,3 gr και το μέσο εκατοστημόριο ήταν το 29,8. Στο 78,4% των περιπτώσεων ο πλακούντας δεν ήταν φυσιολογικός και στο 27,7% ο ομφάλιος λώρος δεν ήταν φυσιολογικός. Ακόμα, το 33,0% των περιπτώσεων αφορούσε σε δίδυμη/πολύδυμη κύηση. Το είδος της αποβολής ήταν κατά κύριο λόγο αυτόματη (94,6% των περιπτώσεων). Το 30,9% των αποβολών που καταγράφηκαν έγιναν από το 1993 έως το 1997, και η πλειοψηφία των αποβολών έγινε μεταξύ 22ης και 27ης εβδομάδας κύησης με το ποσοστό να φτάνει το 61,2%. Επίσης, το 33,2% των περιπτώσεων αφορούσε σε μητέρες που ήταν 25-30 ετών και το 31,8% σε μητέρες που ήταν 31-35 ετών. Συνολικά, στο χρόνο καταγραφής σημειώθηκαν 11,8 αποβολές ανά 1000 γεννήσεις, ενώ η συχνότερη αιτία αφορούσε σε πρόβλημα το εμβρύου με το ποσοστό να φτάνει το 44,6% ενώ στο 19,4% υπήρξε πρόβλημα στον πλακούντα.Συμπεράσματα: Η χρήση μιας ενιαίας μεθόδου κατηγοριοποίησης των αιτιών της περιγεννητικής θνησιμότητας σε ευρεία βάση δεδομένων – πχ ICD10 – θα μπορούσε να συνεισφέρει στην καλύτερη κατανόηση και αντιμετώπισή τους

Self-preserving size distribution and collision frequency of flame-made nanoparticles in the transition regime

Coagulation of polydisperse primary particles is the dominant agglomerate growth mechanism in flame reactors and in the low-temperature or high-pressure regions of combustion engines. Here, the evolution of agglomerate size distribution (SD) and collision frequency function of coagulating soot and silica primary particles is investigated with simultaneous surface growth or coalescence using discrete element modeling (DEM). The growth of polydisperse soot and silica nanoparticles is captured from the free molecular up to the transition regime in excellent agreement with microscopy and mobility measurements in diffusion flames and flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) reactors. The broad agglomerate size distributions of soot and silica formed in the free molecular regime narrow by coagulation in the transition regime, attaining their mobility-based quasi-self-preserving or signature SD with the same geometric standard deviation of 1.48 ± 0.03, in excellent agreement with soot or silica SDs measured from diffusion flames and the CAST generator or from a FSP reactor, respectively. The coagulation rate of both soot and silica agglomerates is about twice as much higher as that of monodisperse agglomerates in the transition regime, regardless of material or combustion conditions. The DEM-derived collision kernel enhanced by a factor of 1.82 ± 0.35 can be interfaced with method of moments and monodisperse population balance models to improve the design of aerosol flame reactors and combustion engines. © 2020 The Combustion Institute.ISSN:1540-7489ISSN:1873-270

Surface Composition and Crystallinity of Coalescing Silver–Gold Nanoparticles

ISSN:1936-0851ISSN:1936-086

IN VITRO SENSITIVITY OF CANDIDA IN ANTISEPTIC AGENTS

THIS STUDY DEALS WITH THE SENSITIVITY OF THE YEASTS OF THE GENUS CANDIDA I.E. C.ALBICANS, C.TROPICALIS, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS, C.KRUSEI, C.PARAKRUSEI, C.PULCHERIMA, C.PELLICULOSA, C.STELLATOIDEA, C.GUILLERMONDI IN VITRO TO ANTICEPTIC AGENTS. THESE ANTISEPTICS ARE AT THE PRESENT TIME IN CIRCULATION IN THE GREEK PHARMACEUTIC MARKET. THEY ARE: PHISOHEX LIQUID, BETADINE SCRUB SOLUTION, MERFEN TINCTURE, INCOSEPT LIQUID, INCOOULON, BORIC ACID 4%, PHENOL 1% AND FORMALDEYDE SOLUTION 34.8% SUITABLY DILUTED. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ANTISEPTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ABOVE AGENTS WAS PERFORMED ON PIECES OF MOCKET. THE ACTIVITY ON EACH AGENT WAS STUDIED ON VARIOUS SPECIES OF CANDIDA AFTER 15', 30', 60', 120'. THE RESULTS ARE TABULATED IN 10 TABLES. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN: THE PHISOHEX HAD NO EFFECT WHATSOVER ON THE YEASTS OF THE SPECIES CANDIDA ALBICANS,C.TROPICALIS, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS, C.PELLICULOSA, C.GUILLERMONDI, C.STELLATOIDEA. ON THE REMAINING SPECIES, C.KRUSEI, C.PARAKRUSEI AND C.PULCHERIMA HAD INHIBITORY ACTIVITY (TABLE 10). PHENOL 1% DESTROYED MOST CANDIDA SPECIES APART FROM C.KRUSEI, C.PARAKRUSEI, C.PELLICULOSA, C.GUILLERMONDI, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS WHERE IT HAD INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS DEGREES. THE DILUTIONS 10% AND 20% OF DETTOL HAD SIMILAR WITH THE UNDILUTED DETTOL EFFECT ON THE ABOVE MENTIONED SPECIES OF CANDIDA. THE ANTICEPTIC BETADINE SCRUB SOLUTION ON ALL THE TESTED DILUTIONS 10%, 20%, 30% AS WELL AS UNDILUTED HAD INTENSE ANTISEPTIC ACTIVITY ON ALL THE TESTED CANDIDA SPECIES. SIMILARLY THE ANTISEPTICS MERFEN, (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΝ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΝ ΕΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗ Η ΕΥΑΙΣΘΗΣΙΑ ΟΛΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΖΥΜΟΜΥΚΗΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΓΕΝΟΥΣ CANDIDA ΗΤΟΙ ΤΩΝ C.ALBICANS, C.TROPICALIS, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS, C.KRUSEI,C. PARAKRUSEI, C.PULCHERIMA, C.PELLICULOSA, C.STELLATOIDEA, C.GUILLERMONDI IN VITRO ΕΝΑΝΤΙ 9 ΑΝΤΙΣΗΠΤΙΚΩΝ ΤΑ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΚΥΚΛΟΦΟΡΟΥΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΝ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟΝ. ΤΑΥΤΑ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΤΑ ΕΞΗΣ: 1) PHISOHEX LIQUID, 2) BETADINE SCRUB SOLUTION, 3) MERFEN TINCTURE, 4) INCOSEPT LIQUID, 5) INCOOULON, 6) ΒΟΡΙΚΟΝ ΟΞΥ 4%,7) ΦΑΙΝΟΛΗ 1%, 8) DETTOL, 9) ΔΙΑΛΥΜΑ ΦΟΡΜΑΛΔΕΥΔΗΣ 34.8% ΚΑΤΑΛΛΗΛΩΣ ΑΡΑΙΩΘΕΝ. ΔΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΖΗΤΗΣΙΝ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΤΙΣΗΠΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΡΑΣΕΩΣ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗ Η ΜΕΘΟΔΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΟΚΕΤΤΑΣ (Ο. ΜΑΡΣΕΛΟΥ - ΚΙΝΤΗ - Α. ΒΕΛΕΓΡΑΚΗ, 1980). ΕΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗ ΔΗΛΑΔΗ Η ΔΡΑΣΙΣ ΕΝΟΣ ΕΚΑΣΤΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΣΗΠΤΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΖΥΜΟΜΥΚΗΤΩΝ ΕΠΙ 15', 30', 60', 120' ΕΙΣ ΤΕΜΑΧΙΑ ΜΟΚΕΤΤΑΣ. ΤΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ ΣΥΓΚΕΝΤΡΩΝΟΝΤΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΔΕΚΑ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΝΑΙΠΕΡΙΛΗΠΤΙΚΩΣ ΤΑ ΕΞΗΣ: 1) ΤΟ PHISOHEX ΟΥΔΕΜΙΑΝ ΔΡΑΣΙΝ ΕΙΧΕΝ ΕΠΙ ΤΩΝ C. ALBICANS, C.TROPICALIS, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS, C.PELLICULOSA, C.GUILLERMONDI, C.STELLATOIDEA. ΕΙΣ ΤΑΣ ΥΠΟΛΟΙΠΟΥΣ ΕΙΧΕΝ ΑΝΑΣΤΑΛΤΙΚΗΝ ΔΡΑΣΙΝ (ΠΙΝΑΞ 10). 2) Η ΦΑΙΝΟΛΗ 1%ΕΙΧΕΝ ΑΠΟΛΥΜΑΝΤΙΚΗΝ ΔΡΑΣΙΝ, ΔΗΛΑΔΗ ΚΑΤΕΣΤΡΕΨΕ ΤΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΑΣ CANDIDA ΠΛΗΝ ΤΩΝ C.KRUSEI, C.PARAKRUSEI, C.PELLICULOSA, C.GUILLERMONDI ΤΩΝ ΟΠΟΙΩΝ ΑΠΛΩΣ ΑΝΕΣΤΕΙΛΕ ΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΙΝ ΑΛΛΟΤΕ ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΑΛΛΟΤΕ ΟΛΙΓΟΤΕΡOΝ. 3) ΤΟ DETTOL ΠΥΚΝΟ ΕΞΟΛΟΘΡΕΥΣΕ ΤΑΣ C.ALBICANS, C.TROPICALIS, C.PSEUDOTROPICALIS, C.PULCHERIMA, C.STELLATOIDEA, C.GUILLERMONDI ΕΙΣ ΟΛΟΥΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΧΡΟΝΟΥΣ, ΕΝΩ ΤΑΣ ΥΠΟΛΟΙΠΟΥΣ 2ΚΑΤΕΣΤΡΕΨΕ ΜΟΝΟΝ ΕΙΣ ΤΟΝ ΧΡΟΝΟΝ ΤΩΝ 15'. ΑΙ ΑΡΑΙΩΣΕΙΣ 10% ΚΑΙ 20% ΤΟΥ ΑΝΩΤΕΡΩΑΝΤΙΣΗΠΤΙΚΟΥ (ΠΕΡΙΚΟΠΗ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗΣ