A multi-modal network approach to model public transport accessibility impacts of bicycle-train integration policies

In the Netherlands, the bicycle plays an important in station access and, to a lesser extent, in station egress. There is however fairly little knowledge in the potential effects of bicycle-train integration policies. The aim of this paper is to examine the impacts of bicycle-train integration policies on train ridership and job accessibility for public transport users.MethodsWe extended the Dutch National Transport Model (NVM) by implementing a detailed bicycle network linked to the public transport network, access/egress mode combinations and station specific access and egress penalties by mode and station type derived from a stated choice survey. Furthermore, the effects of several bicycletrain integration policy scenarios were examined for a case study for Randstad South, in the Netherlands, comprising a dense train network with 54 train stations.ConclusionsOur analysis shows that improving the quality of bicycle routes and parking can substantially increase train ridership and potential job accessibility for train users. Large and medium stations are more sensitive to improvements in bicycle-train integration policies, while small stations are more sensitive to improvements in the train level of service

European Ruling on Pensions: A Second Warning for the Netherlands

The Hogan Judgment of the ECJ found that each EU state is liable for a minimum level of pension benefit commitments. The claimants in this case found that Ireland had not properly transposed Article 8 of Directive 2008/94 into national law. This Directive protects employees when their employer becomes insolvent. The Irish Court asked the ECJ whether a causal link between loss of pension benefits and insolvency of the employer was necessary for the Directive to be applicable and if the Irish State was liable if transposing Article 8 was done incorrectly. The ECJ concluded that causality between the employer’s insolvency and the loss of pension rights of the employee was not necessary. This case was preceded by several others in which the interpretation of the Directive and the liability of the state were under discussion. The Dutch government has transposed the Directive into several national Acts. Although many consider this transposition to be sufficient, the author mentions several reasons why a situation similar to the Irish case can also happen in this country. In his conclusion, the author emphasizes the danger of the statement that the Netherlands has provided sufficient safeguards to prevent the Irish situation. The Hogan case can have severe implications for the Netherlands, warns the author, especially when reducing and discounting pension accruals and benefits