L’enseignement des langues anciennes au collège de l’Oratoire du Mans au xviiie siècle : une remise en cause du latin et du grec ?

La refondation du collège (loi du 8 juillet 2013) prévoit de nouvelles modalités pour l’apprentissage du latin et du grec. Cette réforme a entrainé un débat, qui a dépassé le clivage politique traditionnel, sur la place du latin et du grec dans les cycles 3 et 4 de la scolarité des adolescents. La refondation a-t-elle fait renaître la querelle des « Anciens » et des « Modernes » ? Les régents du collège de l’Oratoire du Mans (1624-1792) ont révolutionné la pédagogie en accordant une place centrale à la langue vernaculaire ou vulgaire, en enseignant en français les principales disciplines : l’histoire, la géographie, les sciences et même le latin et le grec. Peut-on parler, pour l’ancienne langue des savants et des humanistes, de langue morte ? Rien n’est moins certain, surtout dans un xviiie siècle durant lequel le latin – la tradition pré-tridentine imposant une liturgie toujours romaine – résiste à la vulgarisation. Pendant 168 ans, les presque 400 professeurs oratoriens du Mans ont suivi des méthodes pédagogiques définies dans des plans d’étude (Despautère, Lamy, Morin, Condren, Houbigant, Rollin, Dumarsais…). L’objectif est de faciliter l’apprentissage des langues anciennes qui sont devenues progressivement de simples matières ; le français s’imposant comme la langue de l’instruction nationale à la veille de la Révolution.The reorganisation of the Oratory School (law of 8 July 2013) established new rules for the teaching of Latin and Greek. This reorganisation provoked a debate, which transcended traditional political divisions, about the importance of Latin and Greek in the cycle 3 and 4 of teenage schooling. Did this reorganisation herald a new quarrel between the “Ancient” and the “Modern”? The regents of the School of the Oratory of Le Mans (1625-1792) revolutionised existing educational methods and placed the French at the heart of teaching in the main subjects (History, Geography, Science, and even Latin and Greek). Did this end the use of the ancient languages of scholars and humanists? This seems unlikely as in the eighteenth century – a period where the Tridentine tradition insisted on the continued use of the roman liturgy – Latin was resisting the trend of increasing use of vernacular languages. For 168 years, nearly 400 teachers from the School of the Oratory of Le Mans followed the educational methods described in school plans (Despautère, Lamy, Morin, Condren, Houbigant, Rollin, Dumarsais…). The main objective was to facilitate the teaching of ancient languages which had gradually become simple subjects: French becoming the language of national education on the eve of the Revolution

Le "collège-séminaire" de l'Oratoire du Mans sous l'Ancien Régime (1599-1792)

Le Mans owned one of the most Oratorian schools in France after the one of Juilly. The Oratorians settled in Le Mans in 1624 under the episcopal authority of Mgr Charles Beaumanoir de Lavardin, wich implemented one of the most essentials aspects of the Tridentine Reform : raise youths ! This thesis aims at grasping the numerous difficulties met by seniors, prefects and regents until 1792. The issues bore upon the novelty of their teachings, upon their relationship with Jansenism, upon their spiritual Christ-centered practices and the financial hardships hich triggered in some people’s minds the willingness to make the institution part of the city. The school was a relay of Port-Royal with the « Grand Arnauld » who instructed few years. The long period before the Revolution was affected by two theological affairs with came to blur the image of the Le Mans Institution. The civil Constitution of the clergy, in 1790, marked a definitive breaking off between the « Sacedotem » teachers and the non-religious teachers.Le Mans a possédé un des collèges de l’Oratoire les plus réputés de France après celui de Juilly. Les Oratoriens se sont installés au Mans en 1624 sous l’autorité épiscopale de Mgr Charles Beaumanoir de Lavardin (1610-1637), qui appliquait un des aspects essentiels de la Réforme tridentine : éduquer les jeunes ! Cette thèse vise à appréhender les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par les supérieurs, les préfets et les régents jusqu’en 1792. Les problématiques ont ainsi porté sur l’originalité de leurs enseignements, sur leurs relations avec le jansénisme, sur leurs pratiques spirituelles christocentriques et les difficultés financières qui provoquèrent dans certains esprits la volonté de municipaliser l’établissement. Le collège a été un relais de Port-Royal dans la cité avec le « Grand Arnauld » qui y professa plusieurs années. La longue période précédant la Révolution fut marquée par deux affaires théologiques qui vinrent troubler l’image de l’institution mancelle, en proie à des relations conflictuelles avec l’évêque du Mans, Mgr de Grimaldi. La Constitution civile du clergé, en 1790, marqua une rupture définitive entre les professeurs « Sacerdotem » et les enseignants-laïcs

The "school-seminary" of the Oratoryof Le Mans under the Ancien Regime (1599-1792)

Le Mans a possédé un des collèges de l’Oratoire les plus réputés de France après celui de Juilly. Les Oratoriens se sont installés au Mans en 1624 sous l’autorité épiscopale de Mgr Charles Beaumanoir de Lavardin (1610-1637), qui appliquait un des aspects essentiels de la Réforme tridentine : éduquer les jeunes ! Cette thèse vise à appréhender les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par les supérieurs, les préfets et les régents jusqu’en 1792. Les problématiques ont ainsi porté sur l’originalité de leurs enseignements, sur leurs relations avec le jansénisme, sur leurs pratiques spirituelles christocentriques et les difficultés financières qui provoquèrent dans certains esprits la volonté de municipaliser l’établissement. Le collège a été un relais de Port-Royal dans la cité avec le « Grand Arnauld » qui y professa plusieurs années. La longue période précédant la Révolution fut marquée par deux affaires théologiques qui vinrent troubler l’image de l’institution mancelle, en proie à des relations conflictuelles avec l’évêque du Mans, Mgr de Grimaldi. La Constitution civile du clergé, en 1790, marqua une rupture définitive entre les professeurs « Sacerdotem » et les enseignants-laïcs.Le Mans owned one of the most Oratorian schools in France after the one of Juilly. The Oratorians settled in Le Mans in 1624 under the episcopal authority of Mgr Charles Beaumanoir de Lavardin, wich implemented one of the most essentials aspects of the Tridentine Reform : raise youths ! This thesis aims at grasping the numerous difficulties met by seniors, prefects and regents until 1792. The issues bore upon the novelty of their teachings, upon their relationship with Jansenism, upon their spiritual Christ-centered practices and the financial hardships hich triggered in some people’s minds the willingness to make the institution part of the city. The school was a relay of Port-Royal with the « Grand Arnauld » who instructed few years. The long period before the Revolution was affected by two theological affairs with came to blur the image of the Le Mans Institution. The civil Constitution of the clergy, in 1790, marked a definitive breaking off between the « Sacedotem » teachers and the non-religious teachers

Synthesis of 3-substituted indolizidines from amino-ynones derivatives

International audienceTwo types of indolizidine derivatives can be synthesized from amino-ynones. In the presence of methanesulfonic acid, Meyer-Schuster rearrangement furnished vinylogues of indolizidin-3-ones whereas treatment with zinc chloride gave stable 3-alkynyl-1,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydroindolizine-zinc complexes that were reduced to 3-alkynylindolizidines

Aza-Prins Cyclization on Ketones to Access Piperidines with Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenters

International audienceThe aza-Prins cyclization in presence of a variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic ketones is disclosed. The developed method allows an access to diverse C-2 functionalized piperidines, bearing a tetrasubstituted or spiranic carbon stereocenter, in a range of 30 to 87% yields. When diastereomers were formed, the trans isomer was identified as the major product

Reactivity of N-Boc-Protected Amino-Ynones in the Presence of Zinc Chloride: Formation of Acetylenic Cyclic Imines and Their Palladium Complexes

International audienceAmino-ynones can be seen as precursors of various heterocyclic rings. Although γ-amino-ynones have been used to prep. exocyclic vinylogous amides in the presence of Bronsted acids, we describe here the use of zinc chloride as a weak Lewis acid for their conversion into acetylenic cyclic imines. This reaction, which was attempted for a diverse range of γ-amino-ynones, proved to be robust and efficient in most cases and was easily extended to δ-amino-ynones to yield various acetylenic cyclic imines. Depending on the workup procedure, the latter compds. could be isolated either as free org. compds. or as zinc complexes. The ability of these cyclic imines to form complexes with palladium is also reported

Synthesis of New gamma-Lactams with gem-Difluorinated Side Chains

International audienceA short and efficient approach has been designed for the synthesis of new gamma-lactams that feature gem -difluorinated side-chains in position 4. The key steps involve 1,4-addition of nitroalkane anions on electrophilic gem -difluoroalkenes, followed by a cascade nitro reduction-heterocyclization. This flexible strategy also allows easy introduction of substituents in positions 3 or 5

Synthesis and Chemoinformatic Analysis of Fluorinated Piperidines as 3D Fragments for Fragment-Based Drug Discovery

International audienceThe concise synthesis of a small library of fluorinated piperidines from readily available dihydropyridinone derivatives has been described. The effect of the fluorination on different positions has then been evaluated by chemoinformatic tools. In particular, the compounds' pKa's have been calculated, revealing that the fluorine atoms notably lowered their basicity, which is correlated to the affinity for hERG channels resulting in cardiac toxicity. The “lead-likeness” and three-dimensionality have also been evaluated to assess their ability as useful fragments for drug design. A random screening on a panel of representative proteolytic enzymes was then carried out and revealed that one scaffold is recognized by the catalytic pocket of 3CLPro (main protease of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus)

Synthesis of Novel Cyclic Nitrones withgem-Difluoroalkyl Side Chains Through Cascade Reactions

International audienceNew five-membered cyclic nitrones withgem-difluoroalkyl groups in gamma-position have been prepared by a 3-step sequence starting from propargylic alcohols. This domino process involves a base-mediated isomerization reaction to enones, which are trapped in situ by nitroalkane anions. In a final step, starting from these key precursors, a reduction-cyclization process affords the target molecules. Mono- and bicyclic nitrones have been prepared by this route which allows, as well, the synthesis of nitrones with functional groups in terminal position of the side chain