The Mapuche and Chilean State: An Analysis of the State Reaction to Mapuche Protests

The history between the Mapuche and Chilean state is long and complex. Since 2000, the conflict between the state and Mapuche has periodically drawn wider public attention as well as public demands for change. In this thesis, I look to examine how the Chilean state has reacted to the demands of the Mapuche since 2000. Mapuche activists have protested violently and peacefully against state policy that has left many rural Mapuche impoverished and landless. This project assesses the impact of protests on state-Mapuche policy. The project also examines how deeply entrenched neoliberal fiscal policies of the state play a central role in shaping policies and privileging major business interests

Family influences on adolescent alcohol use

The thesis explores influences of the alcohol-specific (e.g. alcohol use, attitudes) and nonalcohol-specific (e.g. relationship quality) family environment on similarity and differences in adolescent siblings' alcohol use. Previous research has shown the importance of siblings for adolescent adjustment (Plomin & Daniels, 1987; Rowe & Gulley, 1992). However, research exploring family influences on siblings' alcohol use is scarce in the UK. Using a variety of theoretical perspectives, this thesis attempts to make a comprehensive account of family influence. Social learning principles (Bandura, 1977) such as modelling-imitation and reinforcement (via attitudes, norms) are considered as alcohol-specific mechanisms within families, accounting for similarity in parent-child dyads and sibling pairs. Regarding the influence of the non-alcohol-specific family environment, it is drawn on family systems theory (Minuchin, 1985), stresses and strains on parenting, and differential parenting approaches. This explores interrelations between marital, parent-child, and sibling relationships, and adolescent alcohol use (Hetherington et ah, 1999) within which models of siblings' differential intrafamilial experiences are integrated. Particular attention is given to the role of gender throughout this thesis.The study reported here used a cross-sectional design. It included 116 intact families, applying a multiple informant approach. During home visits, each parent and two siblings (younger siblings: 11-15 years, older siblings: 14-19 years) completed standardised questionnaires on demographics, alcohol/substance use, attitudes, family relationships, and other aspects of adolescents' life, combining self-reports and perceptions of others. The analysis is divided into three results sections and employs a variety of statistical methods (descriptive statistics, correlational and regression analyses, analysis of variance).Descriptive results (Chapter 5) of the level of family members' alcohol/substance use indicate that both parental and adolescents' use was lower than national surveys suggest. Differences in individual family members' self-reports and perceptions of the family environment support the use of self-reports of alcohol use and repeated analysis employing parent and child reports of family relationships.Findings on the alcohol-specific environment (Chapter 6) confirmed social learning processes. Male adolescents' alcohol use was related to parental and brothers' modelling, with parental norms being influential for older males' consumption. No such associations emerged for females regarding their parents or sisters. Older siblings' supply of alcohol was significantly associated with younger siblings' (excessive) alcohol use, but only among same-sex siblings. Neither parental alcohol norms nor perceived sanctions of adolescent alcohol use varied as a function of sibling gender similarity, but same-sex siblings experienced stricter parental alcohol norms than mixed-sex pairs.In relation to the non-alcohol-specific family environment (Chapter 7), parental alcohol use showed few disruptive effects on parenting behaviour. Marital quality affected the parent-child relationships of both siblings which in turn predicted sibling relationship quality, suggesting congruence in the quality among these family subsystems. Parenting toward each adolescent influenced this child's alcohol involvement. Younger adolescents showed lower alcohol use when their older sibling was exposed to marital discord. Generally, receiving the more favourable treatment relative to one's sibling resulted in lower alcohol involvement relative to this sibling. Sibling gender similarity moderated the siblings' level of monitoring and associations within the difference score models.Overall, the findings demonstrate the importance of the wider family environment for siblings' alcohol use and the role of gender in processes of social influence. Both parents and siblings provide opportunities for social learning of alcohol use. Child-specific experiences were the best predictors of adolescent alcohol use. However, the similarity in the climate of various family relationships reflects the importance of shared, family-level influences. Implications for alcohol education and prevention and recommendations for further research are discussed

The role of drunken older siblings and drunken peers in the alcohol-violence nexus

Background: It is common knowledge that alcohol use and violence in adolescence is interrelated. However, less is known about variables which modify the link between alcohol use and violent behaviours in adolescence. The present study investigates how the interaction of intraindividual [adolescent risky single occasion drinking (RSOD)], intrafamilial (risky drinking of older siblings) and extrafamilial (risky drinking among peers) alcohol-related risk factors contributes to adolescents' violence and delinquency. Methods: Multiple linear regression analyses including two- and three-way interactions were conducted based on a national representative sample of 3711 8-10th graders in Switzerland (mean age 15.0, SD = 0.95) who had older siblings. Results: All three alcohol-related risk factors and the three-way interaction contributed significantly to the frequency of violence and delinquency. Adolescents who frequently engage in RSOD and have both drunken peers and drunken older siblings had the highest levels of violence and delinquency. Moreover, their association between own drinking and violence increased the steepest. Conclusion: The present study confirmed the occurrence of cumulative risk processes and demonstrated that excessive alcohol consumption among older siblings and peers represents a crucial contextual factor for the link between adolescents' risky drinking and violence and delinquency. For prevention, the findings suggest that a focus on peers alone may not be effective if the familial background is not taken into consideratio

Разработка искровых коммутаторов с циркуляцией газа для ГИН Аркадьева-Маркса

Спроектирован и собран управляемый искровой разрядник с циркуляцией газа и инициированием на принципе "искажения поля" для генератора импульсных напряжений Аркадьева - Маркса. Впервые получены данные о ресурсе работы электродов из нержавеющей стали многоступенчатого разрядника в газе под давлением при работе в генераторе Аркадьева–Маркса в длительном режиме с частотой следования импульсов от 5 до 8 имп/сек. с энергией в импульсе 2 кДж.A controlled spark gap with gas circulation and initiation on the "field distortion" principle for the Arkadiev-Marx pulse voltage generator was designed and assembled. For the first time, data were obtained on the operating life of stainless steel electrodes of a multistage spark gap in a pressurized gas when operating in the Arkadev-Marx generator in a long-time regime with a pulse repetition rate of 5 to 8 pulses per second. with a pulse energy of 2 kJ

"I am becoming more and more like my eldest brother!": the relationship between older siblings, adolescent gambling severity, and the attenuating role of parents in a large-scale nationally representative survey study

The present study examined the association between having older siblings who gamble and adolescent at-risk/problem gambling and how parents (i.e., parental knowledge of their whereabouts) and peers might moderate such effects. Data were drawn from the ESPAD®Italia2012 survey (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) comprising a nationally representative Italian sample of adolescents. The analysis was carried out on a subsample of 10,063 Italian students aged 15–19 years (average age = 17.10; 55 % girls) who had at least one older sibling and who had gambled at some point in their lives. Respondents’ problem gambling severity, older gambler sibling, gambler peers, parental knowledge, and socio-demographic characteristics were individually assessed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses including two- and three-way interactions were conducted. The odds of being an at-risk/problem gambler were higher among high school students with older siblings that gambled and those with peers who gambled. Higher parental knowledge (of who the adolescent was with and where they were in their leisure time) was associated with lower rates of at-risk/problem gambling. There was also an interaction between gamblers with older siblings and parental knowledge. The combination of having siblings who gambled and a greater level of parental knowledge was associated with lower levels of problem gambling. The present study confirmed the occurrence of social risk processes (older siblings and peers who gambled) and demonstrated that gambling among older siblings and peers represents an important contextual factor for increased at-risk/problem gambling. However, parental knowledge appears to be sufficient to counterbalance the influence of older siblings