Efficiency of potassium fertilization on sandy soils

На основании результатов 28 точных полевых опытов проведенных в единоличных хозяйствах, на песчаных почвах с тремя уровнями калийных удобрений, установлено, что содержание резервного калия было обусловлено содержанием илистых частиц в почве. Суммарный вынос калия травой возделываемой без калийных удобрений был обусловлен содержанием резервных форм этого элемента, определяемых в вытяжке 1 N HNO₃. Эффективность свежего удобрения калием овса и картофеля не была обусловлена ни содержанием илистых частиц, ни содержанием усвояемого и резервного калия в пахотном и подпахотном слоях почвы. По мере выноса калия травой из почвы, повышалась эффективность свежего удобрения этим элементом овса и картофеля. Роль подпахотного слоя почвы в снабжении растений калием на песчаных почвах повышается по мере роста содержания илистых частиц. Метод EUF не приводил к существенным различиям в сравнении с методом Эгнера-Рима для определения усвояемого калия.The results of 28 exact field experiments carried out on sandy soils of private peasant farms with three potassium fertilization levels have proved that the reserve potassium content depended on the content of clay particles in soil. The summary potassium uptake by grasses cultivated without potassium fertilization depended on the content of reserve forms of this element in soil determined in 1 N HNO₃. The efficiency of a fresh potassium fertilization of oats and potatoes did not depend neither on the content of clay particles not of available and reserve potassium in the arable and subarable layer. Along with the potassium uptake by grasses from soil increased the effectiveness of fertilization of oats and potatoes with this element. The role of subsoil in supply of plants on sandy soils with potassium increased along with increasing number of clay particles. The EUF method did not differentiate to a great extent the determination results of the available potassium content as compared with the Egner-Riehm method

The phosphorus losses in erosion processes in modeling experiment

Straty fosforu analizowano na podstawie wyników badań modelowych przeprowadzonych w warunkach deszczu naturalnego na Stacji Doświadczalnej w Puławach w latach 1999-2001. Badania wykonano na mikropoletkach o wymiarach 2 m x 1 m x 0,3 m i nachyleniu 10%, wypełnionych materiałem glebowym z poziomu orno-próchnicznego. Pod względem genetycznym przeanalizowano siedem typów gleb, a pod względem składu granulometrycznego - 10 gatunków gleb. Glebę w mikropoletkach w sezonie wegetacyjnym utrzymywano w czarnym ugorze. W okresie trzech lat w materiale glebowym wymytym z mikropoletek (zawiesinie glebowej) analizowano zawartość próchnicy i fosforu oraz stężenie formy rozpuszczonej fosforu w wodzie spływu powierzchniowego. W celu określenia bezpośredniego wpływu nawożenia fosforowego na stężenie fosforu w wodzie spływu powierzchniowego oraz jego zawartości w wymytym materiale glebowym wiosną trzeciego roku doświadczenia zastosowano nawożenie gleby superfosfatem. Badania spływu oraz strat fosforu i próchnicy glebowej prowadzono oddzielnie dla każdego deszczu erozyjnego. Wyniki badań wykazały wyraźny wzrost stężenia fosforu w wodach spływu i jego sumaryczne ilościowe wymycie z mikropoletek, na których zastosowano nawożenie fosforem. W wymytym materiale glebowym stwierdzono ponad 2-krotny wzrost próchnicy w stosunku do jej zawartości w mikropoletku.The losses of phosphorus were analyzed based on the results of model tests carried out under natural rain conditions at the Experimental Station in Pulawy in the years of 1999-2001. The study was performed in microplot experiments with the dimensions of 2 m x 1 m x 0.3 m and a slope of 10% filled with soil material from the top - humus layer. In terms of genetic analyses, seven types of soils, and in terms of the texture 10 of the soil groups were analyzed. The soil in microplots was maintained in black fallow. The loss of phosphorus and humus content in the washed soil and in the water runoff was analyzed within three years of the experiments. In the spring of the third year of the experiment, phosphorous fertilization was used in order to determine the direct effect of phosphorus fertilization with superphosphate on the phosphorus concentration in water runoff and its content in the washed out soil material. The study of runoff and phosphorus losses and humus content were conducted separately for each erosion rain. The results showed a clear increase in the concentration of phosphorus in the runoff and washed soil where phosphorus fertilization was applied. There was also a twofold increase in the humus content in the washed out soil material compared to the soil in microplots

Treatment Decision-Making Capacity in Forensic vs Non-forensic Psychiatric Patients: A European Comparison

Background: Consent to treatment is a cornerstone of medical ethics and law. Nevertheless, very little empirical evidence is available to inform clinicians and policymakers regarding the capacities of forensic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) to make decisions about their treatment, with the risk of clinical and legal inertia, silent coercion, stigmatization, or ill-conceived reforms. Study Design: In this multinational study, we assessed and compared with treatment-related decisional capacities in forensic and non-forensic patients with SSD. 160 forensic and 139 non-forensic patients were used in Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland, and England. Their capacity to consent to treatment was assessed by means of the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Multiple generalized linear regression models were used to identify the socio-demographic and clinical variables associated with MacCAT-T scores. Study Results: In total, 55 forensic (34.4%) and 58 non-forensic patients (41.7%) showed high treatment-related decisional capacity, defned as scoring ≥75% of the maximum scores for the understanding, appreciation and reasoning, and 2 for expressing a choice. Forensic patients showed differences in their capacity to consent to treatment across countries. Of all socio-demographic and clinical variables, only “social support” was directly relevant to policy. Conclusions: Forensic patients have treatmentrelated decisional capacities comparable with their non-forensic counterparts. Social contacts might provide a substantial contribution towards enhancing the decisional autonomy of both forensic and non-forensic patients, hence improving the overall quality and legitimacy of mental health care

Report of the first seven agents in the I-SPY COVID trial: a phase 2, open label, adaptive platform randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAn urgent need exists to rapidly screen potential therapeutics for severe COVID-19 or other emerging pathogens associated with high morbidity and mortality.MethodsUsing an adaptive platform design created to rapidly evaluate investigational agents, hospitalised patients with severe COVID-19 requiring ≥6 L/min oxygen were randomised to either a backbone regimen of dexamethasone and remdesivir alone (controls) or backbone plus one open-label investigational agent. Patients were enrolled to the arms described between July 30, 2020 and June 11, 2021 in 20 medical centres in the United States. The platform contained up to four potentially available investigational agents and controls available for randomisation during a single time-period. The two primary endpoints were time-to-recovery (<6 L/min oxygen for two consecutive days) and mortality. Data were evaluated biweekly in comparison to pre-specified criteria for graduation (i.e., likely efficacy), futility, and safety, with an adaptive sample size of 40-125 individuals per agent and a Bayesian analytical approach. Criteria were designed to achieve rapid screening of agents and to identify large benefit signals. Concurrently enrolled controls were used for all analyses. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04488081.FindingsThe first 7 agents evaluated were cenicriviroc (CCR2/5 antagonist; n = 92), icatibant (bradykinin antagonist; n = 96), apremilast (PDE4 inhibitor; n = 67), celecoxib/famotidine (COX2/histamine blockade; n = 30), IC14 (anti-CD14; n = 67), dornase alfa (inhaled DNase; n = 39) and razuprotafib (Tie2 agonist; n = 22). Razuprotafib was dropped from the trial due to feasibility issues. In the modified intention-to-treat analyses, no agent met pre-specified efficacy/graduation endpoints with posterior probabilities for the hazard ratios [HRs] for recovery ≤1.5 between 0.99 and 1.00. The data monitoring committee stopped Celecoxib/Famotidine for potential harm (median posterior HR for recovery 0.5, 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.28-0.90; median posterior HR for death 1.67, 95% CrI 0.79-3.58).InterpretationNone of the first 7 agents to enter the trial met the prespecified criteria for a large efficacy signal. Celecoxib/Famotidine was stopped early for potential harm. Adaptive platform trials may provide a useful approach to rapidly screen multiple agents during a pandemic.FundingQuantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative is the trial sponsor. Funding for this trial has come from: the COVID R&D Consortium, Allergan, Amgen Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Implicit Bioscience, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., Roche/Genentech, Apotex Inc., FAST Grant from Emergent Venture George Mason University, The DoD Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), The Department of Health and Human ServicesBiomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and The Grove Foundation. Effort sponsored by the U.S. Government under Other Transaction number W15QKN-16-9-1002 between the MCDC, and the Government