Production costs for synthetic methane in 2030 and 2050 of an optimized Power-to-Gas plant with intermediate hydrogen storage

The publication gives an overview of the production costs of synthetic methane in a Power-to-Gas process. The production costs depend in particularly on the electricity price and the full load hours of the plant sub-systems electrolysis and methanation. The full-load hours of electrolysis are given by the electricity supply concept. In order to increase the full-load hours of methanation, the size of the intermediate hydrogen storage tank and the size of the methanation are optimised on the basis of the availability of hydrogen. The calculation of the production costs for synthetic methane are done with economics for 2030 and 2050 and the expenditures are calculated for one year of operation. The sources of volume of purchased electricity are the short-term market, long-term contracts, direct-coupled renewable energy sources or seasonal use of surpluses. Gas sales are either traded on the short-term market or guaranteed by long-term contracts. The calculations show, that an intermediate storage tank for hydrogen, adjustment of the methanation size and operating electrolysis and methanation separately, increase the workload of the sub-system methanation. The gas production costs can be significantly reduced. With the future expected development of capital expenditures, operational expenditure, electricity prices, gas costs and efficiencies, an economic production of synthetic natural gas for the years 2030, especially for 2050, is feasible. The results show that Power-to-Gas is an option for long-term, large-scale seasonal storage of renewable energy. Especially the cases with high operating hours for the sub-system methanation and low electricity prices show gas production costs below the expected market prices for synthetic gas and biogas

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Ratchet potential for fluxons in Josephson-Junction arrays

We propose a simple configuration of a one-dimensional parallel array of Josephson junctions in which the pinning potential for trapped fluxons lacks inversion symmetry (ratchet potential). This sytem can be modelised by a set of non-linear pendula with alternating lengths and harmonic couplings. We show, by molecular dynamics simulations, that fluxons behave as single particles in which the predictions for overdamped thermal ratchet can be easily verified.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF NILVADIPNE LIQUISOLID COMPACTS

The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel liquid solid technique which enhances the dissolution rate of water insoluble or poorly water soluble drugs of Nilvadipine, which belong to class II of BCS. Generally the liquisolid technique is based upon the admixture of drug loaded with non volatile solutions (or) liquid drug incorporated with required carrier and coating materials in order to obtain a dry, non adherent, free flowing and compressible powder. Various non volatile solvents used were Propylene glycol, Poly ethylene glycol. The solubility of drug in the non volatile solvents plays an important role in this formulation Avicel PH 102 and aerosil were used as carrier and coating materials. Super disintegrants were used to increase the dissolution rate.Evaluation tests such as Disintegration time, Friability, Hardness and in-vitro dissolution studies were conducted. Amongst all the formulations F14 was considered to be the best in which Propylene glycol is used and the drug release was found to be 97% in 10 min

Soliton ratchets

The mechanism underlying the soliton ratchet, both in absence and in presence of noise, is investigated. We show the existence of an asymmetric internal mode on the soliton profile which couples, trough the damping in the system, to the soliton translational mode. Effective soliton transport is achieved when the internal mode and the external force are phase locked. We use as working model a generalized double sine-Gordon equation. The phenomenon is expected to be valid for generic soliton systems.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Fitness Conferred by BCR-ABL Kinase Domain Mutations Determines the Risk of Pre-Existing Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is the first human malignancy to be successfully treated with a small molecule inhibitor, imatinib, targeting a mutant oncoprotein (BCR-ABL). Despite its successes, acquired resistance to imatinib leads to reduced drug efficacy and frequent progression of disease. Understanding the characteristics of pre-existing resistant cells is important for evaluating the benefits of first-line combination therapy with second generation inhibitors. However, due to limitations of assay sensitivity, determining the existence and characteristics of resistant cell clones at the start of therapy is difficult. Here we combined a mathematical modeling approach using branching processes with experimental data on the fitness changes (i.e., changes in net reproductive rate) conferred by BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations to investigate the likelihood, composition, and diversity of pre-existing resistance. Furthermore, we studied the impact of these factors on the response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Our approach predicts that in most patients, there is at most one resistant clone present at the time of diagnosis of their disease. Interestingly, patients are no more likely to harbor the most aggressive, pan-resistant T315I mutation than any other resistance mutation; however, T315I cells on average establish larger-sized clones at the time of diagnosis. We established that for patients diagnosed late, the relative benefit of combination therapy over monotherapy with imatinib is significant, while this benefit is modest for patients with a typically early diagnosis time. These findings, after pre-clinical validation, will have implications for the clinical management of CML: we recommend that patients with advanced-phase disease be treated with combination therapy with at least two tyrosine kinase inhibitors