Еко-дизайн. Поєднання нових технологій та нетрадиційних художніх рішень

The article is devoted to synthesis of design and alternative power. The basic ways which allows giving decorative functions to devices of energy transformation by making their part of the art decision of interiors, exteriors and a landscape are described. In other way, involving alternative power in design area. Traditional and modern methods of alternative energy sources use are considered. The project of an unusual colour decision in water design which uses features of the physical phenomena of some chemical substances is presented, so the projects of the author developed with application of eko-technologies are shown.Данная статья посвящена синтезу дизайна и альтернативной энергетики. Описаны основные способы, позволяющие придавать декоративные характеристики устройствам преобразования энергии, делая их частью художественного решения интерьеров, экстерьеров и ландшафта. И наоборот, привлечение альтернативной энергетики в область дизайна. Рассмотрены традиционные методы использования возобновляемых источников, и их более современные модификации. Представлен проект необычного цветового решения в аквадизайне, который использует особенности физических явлений некоторых химических веществ, а также показаны проекты автора, разработанные с применением эко-технологий.Дана стаття присвячена синтезу дизайну та альтернативної енергетики. Описано основні способи, що дозволяють надавати декоративні функції пристроїв перетворення енергії , роблячи їх частиною художнього рішення інтер'єрів, екстер'єру і ландшафту. І навпаки, залучення альтернативної енергетики в область дизайну. Розглянуто традиційні методи використання поновлюваних джерел, і їх більш сучасні модифікації. Представлений проект незвичайного колірного рішення в аквадизайну , який використовує особливості фізичних явищ деяких хімічних речовин, а також показані проекти автора, розроблені із застосуванням еко - технологій

GEOCHEMISTRY AND ORIGIN OF THE EASTERN SAYAN OPHIOLITES, TUVA-MONGOLIAN MICROCONTINENT (SOUTHERN SIBERIA)

The Eastern Sayan ophiolites (1020 Ma) of the Tuva-Mongolian microcontinent are believed to be the most ancient ophiolite of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt [Khain et al., 2002].The Eastern Sayan ophiolites (1020 Ma) of the Tuva-Mongolian microcontinent are believed to be the most ancient ophiolite of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt [Khain et al., 2002]

Characterization of Bacillus cereus dissociants

The autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the Bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. The isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. The phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. Bacterial variants also differed in the production of the d 1 and d 2 factors (the autoinducers of anabiosis and autolysis, respectively) and sensitivity to them. The possible role of these factors in the dissociation of microorganisms is discussed. © 2001 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"

Characterization of bacillus cereus dissociants

The autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the Bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. The isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. The phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. Bacterial variants also differed in the production of the dt and d2 factors (the autoinducers of dormancy and autolysis, respectively) and sensitivity to them. The possible role of these factors in the dissociation of microorganisms is discussed

Characterization of Bacillus cereus dissociants

The autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the Bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. The isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. The phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. Bacterial variants also differed in the production of the d 1 and d 2 factors (the autoinducers of anabiosis and autolysis, respectively) and sensitivity to them. The possible role of these factors in the dissociation of microorganisms is discussed. © 2001 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"

Relationships between the seasonal dynamics of soil fungi biomass and environmental factors in predominating forest types in the Bryansk woodlands (European Russia)

Being the crucial part of the forest soil's microbial pool, soil fungi in general and mycorrhizal fungi in particular are an important study object when it comes to forest ecosystems sustainability and preservation. Thus, the study of ectomycorrhizal fungi has been carried out in the Bryanskiy Les State Nature Biosphere Reserve, located in the south-eastern part of the Bryansk woodlands (European Russia). Forest types featured in the study are the local predominating types, namely green-moss-fructiculose pine forests and polydominant deciduous broadleaved nemoral-herbaceous forests with spruce. This study was aimed to assess seasonal dynamics of soil fungi' biomass overall and ectomycorrhizal fungi in particular over the course of the 2017 vegetation period (May – November) and its dependence on biotic and abiotic environmental factors, such as soil water content, temperature and vegetation. The vegetation period was divided into three periods of observation, namely an early (May – July), middle (July – September) and late (September – November) one. The method used to assess the fungal biomass was direct microscopic observation using the fluorescein diacetate staining. In order to estimate the ectomycorrhizal fungi biomass separately, trenching and in-growth mesh bags were employed. The obtained results suggest that the soil fungi biomass steadily increases over the vegetation period in both studied forest types. This is mostly affected by the forest type, available water amount and seasonal changes, while the temperature's impact is less pronounced. On average, the soil fungi biomass was higher in broadleaved forests than in pine forests (2.288 mg C × g-1 soil vs. 1.672 mg C × g-1 soil, respectively), with non-ectomycorrhizal component having comparable biomass. The dynamics of biomass differed in the two forest types. However, noticeable differences (p < 0.1) between the two forest types have only been recorded during the July – September period. The biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi is smaller than the biomass of non-mycorrhizal fungi, but at the same time it is less affected by changes in moisture. Besides that, the study has shown that the forest litter characteristics can greatly affect the dynamics of the fungal biomass

TALL HERB SPRUCE FORESTS AS CLIMAX COMMUNITIES ON LOWLAND SWAMPS OF BRYANSK POLESIE

Nettle grey alder forests are a dominant forest type on lowland swamps in the Bryansk Polesie. They are formed as a result of repeated cuttings in the place of tall herb spruce forests. Tall herb spruce forests are very rare communities in the vegetation cover in this area due to clear cutting, melioration and peat extraction. An assessment of the succession status of tall herb spruce forests and nettle grey alder forests was carried out in this paper. The criteria of climax state and succession state of communities, developed for Eastern European forests, were used. These criteria are based on the degree of intensity of the following signs in the community: 1) the completeness of species composition of tree synusia; 2) the ontogenetic structure of tree species cenopopulation; 3) the gap-mosaic stand structure; 4) the diversity of microsites in soil cover; 5) the completeness of species composition and ecological-coenotic diversity of vascular species. We showed that tall herb spruce forest, as opposed to black alder forest, is close to communities of the climax type. This is evidenced by the following features of cenosis: firstly, all tree species in the area that covers the Bryansk Polesie and that are able to grow on lowland swamps are represented in the spruce forest (Alnus glutinosa, Betula pubescens, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus avium, Picea abies, Salix pentandra, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulmus glabra). Secondly, a steady turnover of generations is carried out in the cenopopulations of main edificators (Picea abies and Alnus glutinosa). This is evidenced by the complete and left-sided structure of their ontogenetic spectrum. Thirdly, a system of asynchronously developing gaps (parcels), which are formed on the site of old tree falls, is formed in the community. This ensures the continuous renewal of spruce and alder populations and creates conditions for the regeneration of other tree species. Fourthly, the structure of biogenic microsites has been formed in the soil cover: fallen logs, treefall pits and mounds, sedge tussocks, tree hummocks and substrate composed of the surface tree roots. These microsites determine the stable existence of species of contrasting ecological-cenotic species groups (from water-marsh and nitrophilous groups to wet-meadow, nemoral and boreal groups) in the community. Finally, thanks to the well-developed treefall gap structure and system of microsites, the parameters of the species and ecology-cenotic diversity of tall herb spruce forests are maximal among all forest types in the lowland swamp of the Bryansk Polesie. All this suggests that tall herb spruce forests are the climax (final) stage in the development of black alder forests in lowland swamps within the areas of Picea abies and Alnus glutinosa. We showed that the derivative nettle black alder forest, in contrast to the tall herb spruce forest, is in the first stages of restoration. This is indicated by the following signs: firstly, in the black alder forests, not all tree species that can grow on the lowland swamps of the Bryansk Polesie are present. This is often due to the fact that seed sources (generative trees) are absent in the immediate surroundings. Secondly, there is no normal turnover of generations in the cenopopulations of all tree species. Thirdly, a treefall gap structure (parcel mosaic) is not formed in the communities, which is necessary for the stable turnover of generations in tree populations. Fourthly, the system of biogenic microsite is not developed in the soil cover. Because of this, the composition of the ground cover is limited mainly by plant species of the water-marsh and the nitrophilous groups that are tolerant to the swampy substrate. Fifthly, black alder is distinguished by relatively low indicators of species richness and ecological-coenotic diversity. This is due to the undeveloped mosaic of parcels and microsites. It should be emphasised that the low age of felling (60–70 years) is the main reason for the «eternal» succession youth of black alder forests. Felling does not allow the community to reach the final stages of succession with the maximum structural, species and ecological-cenotic diversity

MICROSITES AND MAINTENANCE OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF TALL-HERB SPRUCE FOREST (EXAMPLE OF THE RYZHUKHA SWAMP NATURAL MONUMENT, BRYANSK REGION)

Studies were carried out on the area of the Ryzhukha Swamp Natural Monument (the Bryansk region). Unique communities – tall-herb spruce forests – are preserved in this swamp. A tall-herb spruce forest is the final stage (climax) of the succession of black alder swamp forest for the area of Picea abies and Alnus glutinosa. However, tall-herb spruce forests have almost completely disappeared due to felling, melioration and peat extraction. Geobotanical descriptions indicate that vascular plant species richness in tall-herb spruce forests is two or three times higher than in black alder forests. Mapping of the soil cover showed that this is due to the developed system of microsites in the tall-herb spruce forest. A significant proportion of the organic soil area (80 % or more) is covered by microsites of biogenic origin: treefall mounds, sedge tussocks, fallen logs, black alder hummocks, substrate composed of the surface tree roots and elevated base of trees. These biogenic microsites are characterised by a lower moisture excess, better aerated substrate, and also, less frequent flooding during high water in comparison with wet organic soil. Ecologically contrasting microsites are formed as a result of plant life and death. This ensures the joint existence of different ecological-coenotic species group in the community. Wet peat soils, treefall pits, sedge tussocks and fallen logs are favourable to species of nitrophilous, moist-meadow and water-marsh ecological-coenotic groups. Black alder hummocks, substrate composed of the surface roots and elevated base of trees are suitable for species of nemoral and boreal groups. Studies have shown that the system of microsites is necessary for the existence of rare species in the community. Thus, Cypripedium calceolus grows mainly on substrate composed of the surface roots and on elevated base of trees; Neottia nidus-avis, on elevated base of trees; Corallorrhiza trifida, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Ligularia sibirica, Listera ovata and Malaxis monophyllos, on substrate composed of the surface roots; Daphne mezereum, on black alder hummocks and on substrate composed of the surface roots; Melandrium dioicum, on sedge tussocks and fallen logs. Due to favourable ecological conditions, the species richness in biogenic microsites is about two times higher than in wet organic soil. Microsites of biogenic origin are related. Thus, fallen logs are the basis for the formation of alder hummocks and sedge tussocks, as well as for substrate composed of the surface tree roots. In turn, sedge tussocks create conditions for the development of alder hummocks. Elevated base of trees (multi-trunk formations) of other species are formed later on the alder hummocks. Aging trees and treefalls of spruce, alder and other tree species are the next generation of fallen logs. Thus, the normal turnover of generations in tree populations is a condition for maintaining the structural and species diversity of tall-herb spruce forests

FALLEN LOGS AND MICROSUCCESSION IN THE TALL HERB SPRUCE FOREST IN THE LOWLAND SWAMP (BRYANSK POLESIE)

Studies were carried out in the tall herb spruce forest in the lowland swamp with domination of Picea abies (the Bryansk region, the Russian Federation). The indicators of species diversity (species richness, species density and other) of plant microcommunities on fallen logs (deadwood) with different degree of wood decomposition have been analyzed. We considered this sequence of plant microcommunities as microsuccession. Bryophyte species dominated on the first stages of microsuccession, and vascular plant species prevailed on intermediate and final stages. It is shown that microsuccession on fallen logs contributes to the maintenance of the species diversity of the herb and moss cover in the tall herb spruce forests in the lowland swamp

Characterization of bacillus cereus dissociants

The autoregulation of the phenotypic (populational) variability of the Bacillus cereus strain 504 was studied. The isolated colonial morphotypes of this bacterium were found to differ in their growth characteristics and the synthesis of extracellular proteases. The phenotypic variabilities of vegetative proliferating cells and those germinated from endospores and cystlike refractory cells were different. Bacterial variants also differed in the production of the dt and d2 factors (the autoinducers of dormancy and autolysis, respectively) and sensitivity to them. The possible role of these factors in the dissociation of microorganisms is discussed