CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CAYRATIA TRIFOLIA (L.) STEM

Objective: The present study was to analyze the bioactive compounds from stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia by FTIR, HPTLC and GC-MS techniques.Methods: The FTIR was applied and infrared spectrum in mid-infrared region 4000-400 cm-1 was used, HPTLC fingerprinting profiles was done by using Hamilton syringe and CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument and GC-MS analysis of stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia (L.) was performed using the equipment Agilent technologies 7890 A.Results: The FTIR analysis identified the functional groups such as amine, acid, alkane, ketone acyclic, carbonyl, aromatic, ester and alkene. HPTLC fingerprinting profile proves the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponin and steroids. GC-MS revealed the presence of various compounds like hexadecanoic acid-ethylester, phytol, tetratetracontane, stigmasterol, nonacosane and octadecane-1-bromo-in stem ethanolic extract of Cayratia trifolia.Conclusion: In conclusion, Cayratia trifolia plant stems ethanolic extract holds more bioactive compounds that may lead to the development of novel drug against various diseases and disorders.Keywords: Cayrtaia trifolia, FTIR Spectroscopy, HPTLC analysis, GC-MS technique, Bioactive compoun

QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY STUDIES IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AZOLLA MICROPHYLLA

ABSTRACTObjective: The study was intended to analyze phytochemicals quantitatively, evaluate in vitro antioxidant properties and to determine the bioactivecompounds in the crude extract of Azolla microphylla (AM) available at the local farms of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu.Methods: The quantitative phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant analyses were performed using standard procedures. The bioactive compoundswere analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument.Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of AM revealed the presence of considerable amounts of phenols (90.2±2.85 mg gallic acidequivalents/g), tannins (82.2±5.25 mg tannic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (58.5±1.87 mg quercetin equivalents/g), saponins (12.1±3.78 mg/g),and alkaloids (2.2±0.55 mg/g) in decreasing order of concentrations. The in vitro antioxidant analyses suggested that the whole plant extract of AMhas prominent antioxidant prospective against various free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothialozine-6sulphonicacid,nitric oxide,superoxide,and ferricionswhileascorbicacid being thestandardantioxidantused.The GC-MS analysisdisplayedthepresenceof21 bioactivecompounds, eachbelonging tovariouscategoriesofphytochemicalssuchas chalcones, terpenoids,fattyacids,coumarins,andsteroids.Conclusion: The results indicate that AM present in the local farms of Coimbatore is an effective scavenger of free radicals and has the potential to beused as a natural antioxidant which is attributed to the rich presence of secondary metabolites.Keywords: Azolla microphylla, Chalcones, Coumarins, Saponins

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF N-HEXANE LEAF EXTRACT OF ALPINIA PURPURATA (VIEILL.) K. SCHUM USING UV-VIS, FTIR AND GC-MS

Objective: The present study was carried out to characterize bioactive constituents present in n-hexane leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.Methods: Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata revealed the presence of some bio-active components. The crude extracts were scanned in the wavelength ranging from 200-800 nm by using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometers. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) was used to determine the functional groups in the plant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was also performed to find major phytoconstituents present.Results: The phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, cardioglycosides, oils and fats, tannins and carbohydrates in n-hexane leaf extract of A. purpurata. In UV-Vis analysis there were sharp peaks from 200-700 nm. In FTIR analysis, the plant showed the presence of ester carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl groups in 1708 and 1691 cmˉ¹ respectively. There were strong absorption bands at 2927 and 1452 cmˉ¹ due to CH and CH2 groups. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of different phytochemical compounds. This is the first time the presence of 4-Morpholinomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin 1.42%, Methanesulfonate of (3R,4S)-3-Propargyloxy-4-[(R)-1-hydroxy-3-phenyl-3-butenyl]-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone 2.28%, 5-Butyl-3-Methyl-1,2,3, 8a-Tetrahydroindolizine 6.48%, Phenol, 4-(3,7-dimethyl-3-ethenylocta-1,6-dienyl)-6.99%, 1-Naphthalenepropanol, à-ethenyldeca hydro-à,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2-methylene-[1S-[1à (R*),4aá, 8aà]]-9.29%, Methenolone 10.93%, and Nonanamide, 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-methylpropyl)-N-benzyl-25.80% were reported on the leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata.Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that A. purpurata has various phytoconstituents and functional groups. The intensive study of the resultant active constituents will lead to the discovery of a novel botanical-drug

EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF AZOLLA FILICULOIDES IN GASTRIC MUCOSA OF ULCERATED RATS

Objective: To investigate the anti ulcer effect of aqueous extract of Azolla  filiculoides (AF) in experimentally induced gastric ulceration in male Wistar rats.Methods: Twenty four rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each group. The group I and III rats were fed with standard diet, whereas, group II and IV rats were pre-treated orally with aqueous extract of Azolla microphylla (200 mg/kg body) twice a day for 15 d. Twenty four hours before sacrifice, group III and IV rats were induced with ulcer by pylorus-ligation plus oral administration of a single dose of HCl-ethanol mixture (1.5 ml). The gastric juice and mucosal scraps were collected from all the groups for biochemical analyses.Results: In ulcer induced rats, there observed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the following parameters like ulcer index, gastric output, acid output, lipid peroxides and these levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced to near normal values in AF pre-treated rats. A significant decrease was also observed in the levels of reduced glutathione, hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and antiperoxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in ulcer induced rats. These values were restored back to near normalcy in AF pre-treated rats.Conclusion: The results reinforce the antisecretory, acid neutralizing and the antioxidant potential of the whole plant extract of AF against experimentally induced gastric ulcer in rats. However, further studies are needed to identify the active principle involved in eliciting the antiulcer activity of the plant.Â

Biochemical analysis on crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze tea from the selected UPASI-16 clone.

Commercial tea comes from plants belonging to a relatively large group of cultivated species of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. It is one of the oldest known beverages made from the tender leaves of the plants. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the presence of biochemicals in UPASI -16 clone. In the results, the UPASI -16 clone showed high catechin (22.88%), polyphenol (31.70%), polyphenol oxidase (1178.63 U/mg of protein) and tea enzyme peroxidase (729.72 µM of O2 formed min-1g-1 dry weight), catalase (1.89 µM H2O2 reduced min-1 mg-1 protein) and Super oxide dismutase (58.45 U/mg proteins). UPASI -16 showed high catechin content in segregated tea crop shoots from the first internodes (23.66%) followed by the first leaf (22.46%), second leaf and third leaf.  Tea quality flavonoid gene expression, while ANR (1.66%) and F3H (1.02%) were down regulated, F35H and ANS (2.82%) were up regulated in UPASI -16. Based on the results, it can be concluded that crop shoots of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze selected clone of UPASI-16 may possess high amount of biochemicals and may further lead to development of commercial tea

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MANILKARA ZAPOTA LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: Manilkara zapota is a medicinal plant which is native to Mexico and Central America, and widely distributed in India. Various parts of this plant are traditionally used for treatment of several diseases, including inflammation-associated ailments. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of M. zapota leaf.Methods: In vitro secretary phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) assays and In vivo studies using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model were performed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of M. zapota leaf extracts.Results: In vitro studies suggest that M. zapota leaf extracts exhibited significant SPLA2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. In in vivo studies M. zapota leaf extracts showed dose dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract was superior to methanolic extract.Conclusion: This study concluded that ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. zapotaexhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity and warranted further investigation to isolate and identify the components.Â

ENZYMATIC AND NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF Tylophora pauciflora Wight and Arn. – AN IN VITRO STUDY

Objectives: Many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. In this study, we assessed enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties of Tylophora pauciflora. Method: The enzymatic antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione-s-transferase, Glutathione peroxidase, Peroxidase, Ascorbate oxidase and Polyphenoloxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Total reduced glutathione and Vitamin C) activities were determined. Results: The present study revealed that Tylophora pauciflora has an excellent source of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Conclusion: The present study, results has capability to scavenge the free radicals and protect against oxidative stress causing diseases. In future Tylophora pauciflora may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent. Keywords: Tylophora pauciflora, enzymatic antioxidants, Non-enzymatic antioxidants, Oxidative stress, Free radical

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, HPTLC AND GC-MS PROFILING IN THE RHIZOMES OF ZINGIBER NIMMONII (J. GRAHAM) DALZELL

Objectives: The preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out in the hexane and methanolic extracts of Z.nimmonii rhizomes. HPTLC and GCMS profiling were done to develop the fingerprint of the plant to detect the major chemical constituents of the plant.Methods: Preliminary screening involved the qualitative methods to detect the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, oils and fats. HPTLC fingerprint was developed for the hexane extract using hexane, ethyl acetate and isopropanol as the solvent system in the ratio 7:2:1.GCMS profiling was done using triple axis detector.Results: The study revealed the presence of flavonoids, oils and fats as the major components. Terpenoids and tannins were present in moderate amounts. HPTLC profiling revealed 6 peaks in 254nm wavelength and 2 peaks in 366nm.GCMS profiling of the hexane extract gave the presence of 23 components with benzoic acid(35%),3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxy-,methyl ester and 1-chloroeicosane(29%) as the major components.Conclusion: Z.nimmonii contains many important components which has significant role in the drug research and isolation of the compounds will be of therapeutic usage.Keywords: Z.nimmonii. phytochemical screening, HPTLC, GCMS, therapeutic

Assessment of dual inhibitory activity of epifriedelanol isolated from Cayratia trifolia against ovarian cancer

Cayratia trifolia is used as diuretic, in tumors, neuralgia and splenopathy. However, compounds depicting anti-ovarian cancer activities from this plant source have not yet been identified and structurally characterized till date. In the present study, X-ray structure of epifriedelanol, a bioactive compound, isolated from the ethanolic extract of the C. trifolia and its binding affinities against a few proteins (HER2, EGFR and CXCR4) that are reported to get overexpressed under ovarian cancer had been thoroughly studied by using molecular docking means. Binding affinities of the compound vis-à-vis that of carboplatin, a FDA approved drug to the ovarian cancer, to interact with the protein targets are quite impressive. The drug-likeness properties of the epifriedelanol and scope to develop the compound as a potent anti-ovarian cancer drug are discussed in this paper