The Two-Echelon Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem

Multi-echelon distribution systems are quite common in supply-chain and logistic systems. They are used by public administrations in their transportation and traffic planning strategies as well as by companies to model their distribution systems. Unfortunately, the literature on com- binatorial optimization methods for multi-echelon distribution systems is very poor. The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it introduces the family of Multi-Echelon Vehicle Routing Problems. Second, the Two-Echelon Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, is presented. The Two-Echelon Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (2E-CVRP) is an extension of the classical VRP where the delivery passes through intermediate depots (called satellites). As in the classical VRP, the goal is to deliver goods to customers with known demands, minimizing the total delivery cost while considering vehicle and satellites capacity constraints. A mathematical model for 2E-CVRP is presented and some valid in- equalities given, which are able to significantly improve the results on benchmark tests up to 50 customers and 5 satellites. Computational re- sults under different realistic scenarios are presented

The influence of time windows on the costs of urban freight distribution services in city logistics applications

In freight distribution services a required quality level may have a relevant effect on transportation costs. For this reason an evaluation tool is useful to compare different service settings and support the decision, on the base of quantitative indicators. This paper proposes a method for cost evaluation in this context and presents an application to a case study concerning a freight distribution service, which operates on a wide road network having a city centre, a peripheral urban area and a peri-urban rural zone. A simulation method is proposed to obtain real-life scenarios in order to test the method and its indicators. The performance of each indicator has been evaluated in an experimental context to produce realistic test cases, using a trip planning tool and a demand generator. First, the behaviour of the indicators is analysed with regard to the time windows width planned for the service. Then, their ability in estimating the total transportation cost to satisfy all the requests, under different time period profiles, is shown. The results confirm the ability of the set of indicators to predict with a good approximation the transportation costs and therefore to be used in supporting the service quality planning decision

A new urban freight distribution scheme and an optimization methodology for reducing its overall cost

The paper refers to an innovative urban freight distribution scheme, aimed at reducing the externalities connected with the freight delivery process. Both packages destined to commercial activities and to end consumers (e-commerce) are taken into account. Each package is characterized by an address and dimensions. In the proposed transport system, freight is firstly delivered to the UDC on the border of urban areas through trucks or trains which perform the long distance transport. After, freight is reorganized and consolidated into load units, i.e. the FURBOT boxes, according to packages dimensions and to the addresses of receivers. Each box is addressed to a temporary unloading bay and it is delivered there by a FURBOT vehicle. The receivers are in charge of collecting their packages in the related unloading bays where they have been delivered. The paper concerns a methodology for optimizing this freight transport system's performances. The overall methodology receives in input the actual freight demand and the road network, and finds the transport system parameters (number of required FURBOT boxes, their temporary unloading bay, the FURBOT fleet dimension and the FURBOT vehicle routing) that minimize the system overall cost. The overall cost is a sum of the users' cost, which depends on the distance they have to walk for collecting their packages in the FURBOT box, and of the operator's cost, which depends on the number of required boxes, the total distance travelled by the FURBOT vehicles and the required number of FURBOT vehicles. The overall procedure has been applied to the case study of Barreiro old town, a suburb of Lisbon, Portugal

Investigating the limit of restrictive policies for urban freight transport : the case of Vicenza (Italy)

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