El aprendizaje del solfeo: propuesta de un modelo instruccional en Educación Musical

El nuevo escenario educativo en el que nos encontramos hace que la mayoría de las instituciones en las que se ofrecen estudios de Educación Primaria y Secundaria no sólo primen los contenidos de las áreas que denominamos comúnmente como instrumentales, sino que cada vez van cobrando una mayor importancia otras como pueden ser la Educación Física o la Educación Artística (dentro de las cuales se engloban la Plástica y la Educación Musical), debido a su marcado carácter social, psicomotriz, perceptivo, expresivo y emocional que, en definitiva, contribuye a configurar el desarrollo integral del alumno cualquiera que sea su nivel educativo. En el presente trabajo nos hemos centramos en el área de Educación Musical como motor de aprendizaje dentro de la Educación Primaria. Para adentrarnos en el tema, hemos creído conveniente llevar a cabo una primera aproximación teórica sobre la influencia de los procesos cognitivos en la Educación Musical, haciendo un especial hincapié en el solfeo como recurso fundamental. Posteriormente hemos aportado un diseño instruccional para el aprendizaje del solfeo en el tercer ciclo de Educación Primaria, centrándonos en aquellos procesos cognitivos que intervienen en dicho proceso de aprendizaje.The new educational scene in which we are immersed makes the most of institutions that offered studies of Primary and Secondary School prevail not only the contents of the areas we commonly call as instrumental ones, but others such as Physical Education or Art Education (among which are included Plastic and Music Education) are increasingly becoming important in due its clear social, psychomotor, perceptual, expressive and emotional nature that definitely helps to shape the development of the student, whatever their educational level is. In the present paper we have focused on Music Education as a driving force for learning in Primary School. To get to the point, we carried out a theoretical approach on the influence of cognitive processes in music education, emphasizing on solfeggio as a fundamental resource. In addition, we provide an instructional design for solfeggio learning in third cycle in Primary School, focusing on those cognitive processes involved in the learning process.peerReviewe

Central Odontogenic Fibroma combined with Central Giant Cell lesion of the mandible. Immunohistochemical profile.

Central Odontogenic Fibroma is a benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin that makes up less than 5% of odontogenic tumors. There is a variation of this lesion that includes a zone of giant cells. This neoplasm is characterized by fibroblast proliferation, a component of apparently inactive odontogenic epithelium within a mature connective tissue stroma and multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. Clinically, it manifests as a slow-growing central lesion, which causes painless cortical expansion and may occasionally cause the displacement of adjacent dental organs or resorption. We present a new case of this combined lesion that was revealed radiographically as a well-defined radiolucent area in the left mandibular body. Histologically, we identified a mesenchymal lesion composed of mature fibrocellular tissue, where islands and cords of odontogenic epithelium and fibrocellular areas with numerous giant cells can be distinguished. The immunohistochemical examination was positive for giant cells with the marker CD68 and positive for epithelium cords with the marker CK19, which indicates that this an odontogenic lesion

Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling the Content of Phenolic Compounds in an Asian Plum (Prunus salicina L.) F1 Population

Consumption of fresh fruit is known to protect against non-communicable diseases due to the fruit's content in compounds with an antioxidant capacity, among them is polyphenols. Asian plums (Prunus salicina L.) accumulate more than 40 phenolic compounds, with a remarkable diversity in their profiles, depending on the variety and environmental conditions. Although candidate genes have been indicated to control this trait, the loci controlling its phenotypic variation have not yet been defined in this species. The aim of this work was to identify the quantitative trait Loci (QTL) controlling the phenolic compounds content in the Asian plum skin and flesh. Using UHPLC-DAD-Orbitrap-MS, we determined that cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside are the main anthocyanins in Asian plums. Other anthocyanins found to a lesser extent were tentatively identified as cyanidin bound to different sugar and procyanidin moieties. Then we phenotyped fruits of 92 and 80 F1 seedlings from the cross (98 Ang) for two harvest seasons. We used HPLC-DAD to quantify single anthocyanin and spectrophotometric techniques to determine the total content of phenols, flavonoids, procyanidins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). To determine the phenotype-genotype association of phenolic compounds content, phenotypic values (adjusted by linear mixed-effects models), genotypic data and linkage maps were analyzed with the multiple QTL model (MQM) approach. We found a total of 21 significant trait-marker associations: 13 QTLs segregating from “98.99” and 8 QTLs from “Angeleno.” From these associations, 8 corresponded to phenolic compound content in the flesh and 13 in the skin. Phenotype variance was explained by the detected loci, ranging from 12.4 to 27.1%. The identified loci are related to the content of cyanidin-3-glucoside (LG4), cyanidin-3-rutinoside (LG4), total flavonoids and procyanidins (LG5 and LG8), and minor anthocyanin compounds (LG3 and LG4). These results will help improve the efficiency of breeding programs for the generation of Asian plum varieties with high phenolic compound content.This work has been funded by the National Agency of Research and Development (ANID), Chile: Fondecyt start into Research No. 11150662, Fondecyt Regular No. 1191446, and FONDEF Project IT17I0069 Sweet Pekeetah: un modelo tecnológico-comercial para una nueva variedad chilena de fruta; BB and CS-A were supported by BECAS DE DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2020 No. 21200330 and 21191605, respectively. The work of JS was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain through Juan de la Cierva incorporation contract (IJC2018-036623-I

Control del riesgo alfa : diseños adaptativos

2013/201

Relación del intervalo QT corregido con la escala GRACE en pacientes con infarto de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST

Background. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) prediction model stratifies patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Corrected QT interval (QTc) is not considered in this model. Objective. To evaluate the relationship between the QTc interval and the GRACE score in patients with NSTEMI. Materials and methods. An observational, retrospective study was carried between 2016 and 2019. We included patients with diagnosis of NSTEMI, QTc intervals were calculated with Bazett’s formula, and they were classified into 2 groups: a normal QTc interval (<440 ms) and prolonged (≥440 ms). According to the GRACE score they were classified in three ranges: low risk (≤109 points), intermedium (110 - 139 points) and high (≥140 points), we determined if there were a correlation between QTc interval and the GRACE score. Results. A total of 940 patients with a diagnosis of NSTEMI were admitted in our institution, 634 met the inclusion criteria, there were 390 patients with normal QTc interval and 244 with a prolonged QTc interval. Patients with prolonged QTc were older (65.5 vs 61, p=0.001) with a lower proportion of males (71.7% vs 82.8%, p=0.001). An association was found between the GRACE score and the QTC interval, subjects with a normal QTc had a greater proportion of low and intermediate risk than those with a prolonged QTc (p=0.001). Conclusions. In NSTEMI patients, a normal QTc interval (<440 ms) is associated with a GRACE risk score of low or intermediate risk.Antecedentes. El modelo de predicción del registro global de eventos coronarios agudos (GRACE por sus siglas en inglés) es usado para estratificar el riesgo en pacientes con infarto de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST (IAMSEST). El intervalo QT corregido (QTc) no se considera en este modelo. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación entre el intervalo QTc con la escala GRACE en pacientes con IAMSEST. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo entre 2016 y 2019. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMSEST, los intervalos QTc se calcularon con la fórmula de Bazett y se clasificaron en dos grupos: intervalo QTc normal (<440 ms) y prolongado (≥440 ms). Según el puntaje GRACE fueron clasificados en tres rangos: riesgo bajo (≤109 puntos), intermedio (110-139 puntos) y alto (≥140 puntos), se determinó si existía relación entre el intervalo QTc y la puntuación GRACE. Resultados. Durante el período mencionado ingresaron en nuestro centro 940 pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMSEST, 634 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión; hubo 390 pacientes con intervalo QTc normal y 244 con intervalo QTc prolongado. Los pacientes con QTc prolongado eran mayores (65,5 vs. 61, p=0,001) con menor proporción de hombres (71,7% vs. 82,8%, p=0,001). Se encontró asociación entre la escala GRACE y el intervalo QTC, los sujetos con un QTc normal tenían una mayor proporción de riesgo bajo e intermedio que aquellos con un QTc prolongado (p=0,001). Conclusiones. En pacientes con IAMSEST un intervalo QTc normal (<440 ms) se relaciona con una escala de riesgo GRACE de riesgo bajo o intermedio

Physiology and Pathology of Neuroimmunology: Role of Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 1% of the population aged 65 and over and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease next to Alzheimer’s disease. Interneuronal proteinaceous inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) and a selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNPC) are the main features of PD pathology. The most common clinical manifestations are rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, sleep disorders, alterations in gait, smell, memory, and dementia. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in PD, and, recently, oxidative stress, proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and inflammation have acquired relevance as major mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction. Increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the brain contribute to greater vulnerability of proteins to nitro-oxidative modification and to greater degrees of aggregation. These protein aggregates contain a variety of proteins of which α-synuclein appears to be the main structural component. Interestingly, α-synuclein can be secreted by neuronal cells and may lead the initiation and the maintenance of inflammatory events through the activation of microglia, which contributes to dopaminergic neuron depletion. New evidence also suggests that PD may be the result of an autoimmune response in which the immune cells recognize the neurons as foreign elements and would act against them, causing their death

Oxidative Stress and Parkinson’s Disease: Effects on Environmental Toxicology

Epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with environmental factors such as exposure to substances derived from industrial processes, use of agrochemicals, or living in a rural environment. The hypothesis that certain environmental toxins could be the source of the EP is supported by the discovery that chemicals such as herbicides paraquat, diquat, and the fungicide maneb are selectively toxic in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Also, one of the insecticides produced by plants, such as rotenone, and by-product of the synthesis of synthetic heroin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) can be reproduced in animal models where neurochemicals, histopathological, and clinical characteristic of PD can be found. Interestingly, there are similarities in the chemical structure of paraquat and MPTP. Recent evidence exhibited that inflammation and oxidative stress play an essential role in the development of PD. So, in our laboratory we found that in an animal model melatonin decreases the products of lipid oxidation, nitric oxide metabolites, and the activity of cyclooxygenase 2, which are induced by an intraperitoneal injection of MPTP. This suggests that the neuroprotective effects of melatonin are partially attributed to its antioxidant scavenging and anti-inflammatory action

An Upgraded, Highly Saturated Linkage Map of Japanese Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.), and Identification of a New Major Locus Controlling the Flavan-3-ol Composition in Fruits

Japanese plum fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, whose contents vary significantly among cultivars. Catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC) are flavan-3-ol monomers described in the fruits of this species and are associated with bitterness, astringency, antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility to enzymatic mesocarp browning. In this study, we aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the content of flavan-3-ol in Japanese plum fruits. We evaluated the content of C and EC in the mesocarp and exocarp of samples from 79 and 64 seedlings of an F1 progeny () in the first and second seasons, respectively. We also constructed improved versions of linkage maps from ‘98–99’ and ‘Angeleno,’ presently called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after mapping the already available GBS reads to Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. ‘Sanyueli’ v2.0 reference genome. These data allowed for describing a cluster of QTLs in the cultivar, ‘Angeleno,’ associated with the flavan-3-ol composition of mesocarp and exocarp, which explain up to 100% of the C/EC ratio. Additionally, we developed a C/EC metabolic marker, which was mapped between the markers with the highest log of odds (LOD) scores detected by the QTL analysis. The C/EC locus was located in the LG1, at an interval spanning 0.70 cM at 108.30–108.90 cM. Our results suggest the presence of a novel major gene controlling the preferential synthesis of C or EC in the Japanese plum fruits. This study is a significant advance in understanding the regulation of synthesizing compounds associated with fruit quality, postharvest, and human health promotion.This study has been funded by the National Agency of Research and Development (ANID)/the Scholarship Program/BECAS DE DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2020 – 21200330; Fondecyt Regular No. 1191446; Fondecyt Iniciación No. 11150662; Fondecyt Regular No. 1200718; FONDEF Project IT17I0069 Sweet Pekeetah: “un modelo tecnológico- comercial para una nueva variedad chilena de fruta”. JS was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain through the Juan de la Cierva incorporation contract (IJC2018-036623-I