9,007 research outputs found
ACF estimation via difference schemes for a semiparametric model with -dependent errors
In this manuscript, we discuss a class of difference-based estimators of the
autocovariance structure in a semiparametric regression model where the signal
is discontinuous and the errors are serially correlated. The signal in this
model consists of a sum of the function with jumps and an identifiable smooth
function. A simpler form of this model has been considered earlier under the
name of Nonparametric Jump Regression (NJRM). The estimators proposed allow us
to bypass a complicated problem of prior estimation of the mean signal in such
a model. We provide finite-sample expressions for biases and variance of the
proposed estimators when the errors are Gaussian. Gaussianity in the above is
only needed to provide explicit closed form expressions for biases and
variances of our estimators. Moreover, we observe that the mean squared error
of the proposed variance estimator does not depend on either the unknown smooth
function that is a part of the mean signal nor on the values of difference
sequence coefficients. Our approach also suggests sufficient conditions for
consistency of the proposed estimators.Comment: 30 page
Explaining the dollar/euro exchange rate: the role of policy uncertainty, asymmetric information, and hedging opportunities
Many observers were surprised by the depreciation of the euro after its launch in 1999. Handicapped by a short sample, explanations tended to appeal to anecdotes and lessons learned from the experiences of other currencies. Now sample sizes are just becoming large enough to permit reasonable empirical analyses. This paper begins with a theoretical model addressing transaction costs of trading the euro. The model of pre- and post-euro foreign exchange trading explains wider spreads on the euro as a result of three possible causes: a reduction in hedging opportunities due to the elimination of the legacy currencies, policy uncertainty on the part of the ECB, and asymmetric information due to some traders having prior knowledge of ECB policies. However, even informal empirical evidence tends to reject the hypothesis that spreads were larger on the euro than the mark for all but the first few months. This seems like an unlikely candidate to explain euro depreciation over the prolonged period observed. After addressing spreads, the model is turned toward an explanation of the exchange rate level. By specializing the fundamentals considered to the euro-area inflation rate, the model is structured toward the dynamics of learning about ECB policy with regard to inflation. While a stated target inflation rate of 2 percent existed, it may be that market participants had to be convinced that the ECB would, indeed, generate low and stable inflation. The theory motivates an empirical model of Bayesian updating related to market participants learning about the underlying inflation process under the ECB regime. With a prior distribution drawn from the pre-euro EMS experience and updating based upon the realized experience each month following the introduction of the euro, the evidence suggests that it was not until the fall of 2000 that the market assessed a greater than 50 percent probability that the inflation process had changed to a new regime. From this point on, trend depreciation of the euro ends and further increases in the probability of the new inflation process are associated with euro appreciation.euro, foreign exchange, Bayesian learning
Pull-in dynamics of overdamped microbeams
We study the dynamics of MEMS microbeams undergoing electrostatic pull-in. At
DC voltages close to the pull-in voltage, experiments and numerical simulations
have reported `bottleneck' behaviour in which the transient dynamics slow down
considerably. This slowing down is highly sensitive to external forces, and so
has widespread potential for applications that use pull-in time as a sensing
mechanism, including high-resolution accelerometers and pressure sensors.
Previously, the bottleneck phenomenon has only been understood using lumped
mass-spring models that do not account for effects such as variable residual
stress and different boundary conditions. We extend these studies to
incorporate the beam geometry, developing an asymptotic method to analyse the
pull-in dynamics. We attribute bottleneck behaviour to critical slowing down
near the pull-in transition, and we obtain a simple expression for the pull-in
time in terms of the beam parameters and external damping coefficient. This
expression is found to agree well with previous experiments and numerical
simulations that incorporate more realistic models of squeeze film damping, and
so provides a useful design rule for sensing applications. We also consider the
accuracy of a single-mode approximation of the microbeam equations --- an
approach that is commonly used to make analytical progress, without systematic
investigation of its accuracy. By comparing to our bottleneck analysis, we
identify the factors that control the error of this approach, and we
demonstrate that this error can indeed be very small.Comment: 18 page
Dynamics of viscoelastic snap-through
We study the dynamics of snap-through when viscoelastic effects are present.
To gain analytical insight we analyse a modified form of the Mises truss, a
single-degree-of-freedom structure, which features an `inverted' shape that
snaps to a `natural' shape. Motivated by the anomalously slow snap-through
shown by spherical elastic caps, we consider a thought experiment in which the
truss is first indented to an inverted state and allowed to relax while a
specified displacement is maintained; the constraint of an imposed displacement
is then removed. Focussing on the dynamics for the limit in which the timescale
of viscous relaxation is much larger than the characteristic elastic timescale,
we show that two types of snap-through are possible: the truss either
immediately snaps back over the elastic timescale or it displays
`pseudo-bistability', in which it undergoes a slow creeping motion before
rapidly accelerating. In particular, we demonstrate that accurately determining
when pseudo-bistability occurs requires the consideration of inertial effects
immediately after the indentation force is removed. Our analysis also explains
many basic features of pseudo-bistability that have been observed previously in
experiments and numerical simulations; for example, we show that
pseudo-bistability occurs in a narrow parameter range at the bifurcation
between bistability and monostability, so that the dynamics is naturally
susceptible to critical slowing down. We then study an analogous thought
experiment performed on a continuous arch, showing that the qualitative
features of the snap-through dynamics are well captured by the truss model. In
addition, we analyse experimental and numerical data of viscoelastic
snap-through times reported in the literature. Combining these approaches
suggests that our conclusions may also extend to more complex viscoelastic
structures used in morphing applications.Comment: Main text 37 pages, Appendices 13 page
Passive control of viscous flow via elastic snap-through
We demonstrate the passive control of viscous flow in a channel by using an
elastic arch embedded in the flow. Depending on the fluid flux, the arch may
`snap' between two states --- constricting and unconstricting --- that differ
in hydraulic conductivity by up to an order of magnitude. We use a combination
of experiments at a macroscopic scale and theory to study the constricting and
unconstricting states, and determine the critical flux required to transition
between them. We show that such a device may be precisely tuned for use in a
range of applications, and in particular has potential as a passive
microfluidic fuse to prevent excessive fluxes in rigid-walled channels.Comment: Main text 5 pages, Supplementary Information 14 page
Delayed pull-in transitions in overdamped MEMS devices
We consider the dynamics of overdamped MEMS devices undergoing the pull-in
instability. Numerous previous experiments and numerical simulations have shown
a significant increase in the pull-in time under DC voltages close to the
pull-in voltage. Here the transient dynamics slow down as the device passes
through a meta-stable or bottleneck phase, but this slowing down is not well
understood quantitatively. Using a lumped parallel-plate model, we perform a
detailed analysis of the pull-in dynamics in this regime. We show that the
bottleneck phenomenon is a type of critical slowing down arising from the
pull-in transition. This allows us to show that the pull-in time obeys an
inverse square-root scaling law as the transition is approached; moreover we
determine an analytical expression for this pull-in time. We then compare our
prediction to a wide range of pull-in time data reported in the literature,
showing that the observed slowing down is well captured by our scaling law,
which appears to be generic for overdamped pull-in under DC loads. This
realization provides a useful design rule with which to tune dynamic response
in applications, including state-of-the-art accelerometers and pressure sensors
that use pull-in time as a sensing mechanism. We also propose a method to
estimate the pull-in voltage based only on data of the pull-in times.Comment: 17 page
Historical forest biomass dynamics modelled with Landsat spectral trajectories
Acknowledgements National Forest Inventory data are available online, provided by Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (España). Landsat images are available online, provided by the USGS.Peer reviewedPostprin
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