A VARIAÇÃO NÓS E A GENTE EM FORTALEZA NA SEGUNDA DÉCADA DOS ANOS 2000: FATORES LINGUÍSTICOS

Esta pesquisa se atém ao estudo da variação dos pronomes sujeito nós e a gente por falantes de Fortaleza-CE com ensino superior na segunda década dos anos 2000. O estudo baseia-se nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria de Variação e Mudança (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006 [1968]; LABOV, 2008 [1972]), em vias de analisar o encaixamento da forma inovadora a gente no sistema linguístico na comunidade de fala de Fortaleza-CE e a provável mudança linguística em progresso. Partiu-se da análise de 18 entrevistas do Projeto Descrição do Português Oral Culto de Fortaleza (PORCUFORT) - fase  II, na modalidade de registro DID (Diálogo Informante e Documentador). Dos fatores linguísticos, analisou-se o tempo e tipo de paradigma do verbo, a referencialidade do verbo (genérica ou específica) e o tipo de verbo. Utilizou-se o software RStudio para o tratamento dos dados, elaboração dos testes estatísticos e criação de modelos de regressão logística para análise dos dados linguísticos. Constatou-se a predominância da forma a gente com  82,22% (N = 985) dos dados. A forma a gente mostrou-se favorecida pela referência genérica, tempo verbal presente de forma idêntica ao pretérito perfeito do indicativo e pretérito imperfeito. A forma nós parece resistir no tempo verbal pretérito perfeito idêntico ao presente (ontem comemos/ hoje comemos) e  referente mais específico. O tipo de verbo não se mostrou um fator condicionador a variação linguística nos modelos de regressão logística, ainda que tenha sido observado uma menor força da forma a gente com verbos de estado. Por fim, percebemos que a forma a gente está altamente implementada no sistema linguístico, em um provável processo de mudança em curso, enquanto a forma nós parece ainda resistir como maneira de evitar ambiguidade semântico temporal em caso de formas idênticas no presente e pretérito perfeito do indicativo e enfatizar a referência específica do verbo. This research aims to analyse the subject pronouns nós e a gente by Fortaleza graduate speakers in the second decade of 2000. The study is based on the Variation and Change theory (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006 [1968]; LABOV, 2008 [1972]) aiming to investigate the fitting on Fortaleza’s speech community linguistic system of the innovate variant a gente and a probable linguistic change in progress. The database was 18 interviews from the project Graduate\u27s Oral Portuguese of Fortaleza - fase II (PORCUFORT), on an interviewer and informant register. From linguistic factors, were analysed: verbal tense and paradigm, verb \u27s reference (generic or specific) and verb type. Data treatment, statistical analyses and logistic regression models were conducted on Rstudio software. The innovative form a gente is predominant on our data, representing 82.22% (N = 985) of the sample, present tense, regarding the ambiguous forms, identical to past perfect tense form, imperfect and generic reference has favored this variant. The conservative form nós seems to rely on past perfect verbal tense and specific reference. Verb type was not a relevant factor on logistic regression models, however it was observed a minor presence of a gente variant with to be verb type. In conclusion, it was noticed that the innovative variant a gente is implemented on Fortaleza\u27s linguistic system, on a potential linguistic change in progress, meanwhile the variant nós seems to emphasize the specific referente and resist as a resource to avoid semantic-temporal ambiguity due to portuguese\u27s identical present and past perfect verbal forms

Análise de rotulagens de marcas de suplementos de proteína do soro do leite em pó (Whey Protein) segundo a RDC N° 18, 27 de abril de 2010

A indústria de suplementos alimentares cresceu nos últimos anos, principalmente a venda de suplementos à base de proteínas em pó e estas são bastante utilizadas por praticantes de musculação, interessados pelo ganho de massa muscular. Com o intuito de prevenir a utilização indiscriminada do consumo de suplementos proteicos por praticantes de atividade física, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os rótulos de proteína do soro do leite `` whey protein ´´ comercializados em lojas de Fortaleza – CE, segundo os padrões RDC n° 18, 27 de abril de 2010. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo, onde realizou –se uma análise de diferentes marcas de suplementos proteicos do soro do leite. As amostras foram selecionadas conforme indicação de suplementos proteicos, sendo analisadas de acordo com disponibilidade das lojas, do município de Fortaleza – CE. Foram avaliadas 20 marcas, destas, apenas 80% estavam conforme a legislação, enquanto 20% estavam em desacordo.  Com relação às não conformidades, destacou –se a ausência da informação `` As expressões: anabolizantes, hipertrofia muscular ´´ em 20% dos rótulos, quanto a designação ``Imagens e ou expressões referentes a perda de peso, ganho de massa muscular ́ ́ 10% estavam em desacordo.  Quanto à adição de fibras, 75 % estavam em desacordo com a legislação. Com isso, destaca-se, a necessidade de fiscalização contínua e eficaz dos rótulos de suplementos destinados a atletas e praticantes de atividade física, com garantia de que os consumidores tenham acesso a informações fidedignas sobre o produto. Conclui-se que grande parte dos rótulos de suplementos proteicos para atletas apresentavam algum tipo de inadequação de acordo com o objetivo proposto

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution