EATING DISORDERS AND ITS EFFECT TOWARD THE ORAL CAVITY: A REVIEW

ABSTRACTObjective: To find and review the eating disorders and its effects towards the oral cavity.Methods: Various articles were reviewed from Pubmed and the internet and were analyzed to write the review.Results: It is evident from many studies that eating disorders and its effect are prevalent in our societies and has found to have a major effect in oralhealth.Conclusion: Eating disorders are found to be affecting almost 15% of young girls to varying degrees and around 5 to 10 times more than men. Theseillnesses involve a constant pondering with food, a hallucinative body image and high end measures are taken by the victims to control weight tothe extent of harming their body and mental health and also disturbs their social relationships and interactions. The most common eating disordersare anorexia nervosa (restriction of food intake) and bulimia (episodes of compulsive eating). Damage to the teeth associated with eating disordersare normally caused due to both mechanical and chemical wear. The enamel can also be eroded by the excess of acid from the stomach and reducesthe enamel layer and thereby exposes the underlying dentine which is sensitive; the backs of the teeth, facing the palate and at the gum line aroundthe incisors also is affected. In due time,the enamel slowly erodes in the backside of the teeth.Keywords: Eating, Disorder, Oral cavity

Supraglacial systems biology of dynamic Arctic microbial ecosystems

Arctic glacier surfaces are a biologically active region of the cryosphere, supporting \ud several cosmopolitan microbial taxa. Bacterial communities across the different ice \ud surfaces are spatially variable and significantly influenced by biogeography and \ud biogeochemistry. In summer, the supraglacial surface reveals extensive cryoconite \ud hole coverage that is correlated to surface albedo, melt rate, mass balance and \ud biological activity. However, the relative importance of temporal changes on \ud bacterial community composition and activity in these supraglacial niches have yet \ud to be determined. To enhance this knowledge, community dynamics of bacteria in \ud cryoconite, snow and meltwater streams were investigated synthetically and on \ud Foxfonna ice cap, Foxfonna valley glacier and the Greenland Ice Sheet. By means of \ud microscopy, metabolomics and high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and \ud cDNA from 16S rRNA, the summer bacterial community was evaluated to determine \ud the relative importance of taxa on supraglacial surfaces. This aided in unravelling the \ud complex interactions that are prevalent in a simple microbial niche exposed to unique \ud environmental conditions, nutritional deficits and geological constraints. Overall, the \ud bacteria on Foxfonna and Greenland supraglacial surfaces display distinct seaso\ud naltransient behaviour. Taxa appear selective to their physical environment and \ud biogeochemical state in the cryosphere, characterized by integral associations with \ud the photoautotrophic Cyanobacteria, Phormidesmis priestleyi, that mediates formation of a robust microhabitat conglomerated with humics, extracellular polymeric substances and minerals that are essential to the diverse and productive cryoconite community. The rare biosphere provides a source for heterotrophi c bacterial recruitment in cryoconite, snow and stream habitats, the latter of which exhibit high abundances of proteobacterial subclasses only minimally dissimilar from cryoconite during the boreal summer. \ud Network analysis predicts that these taxa may be responsible for the observed seasonal shifts of activity in favourable conditions, while generating the essential nutrient reserves required during winter dormancy periods