Análise da degradação acelerada por umidade e radiação UV de vernizes para proteção do aço

Vernizes são muitas vezes utilizados na proteção contra a corrosão de materiais metálicos. A resina é o componente que mais contribui para as características finais dos revestimentos (verniz), sendo as acrílicas, epóxi e poliuretanas das mais usadas comercialmente. Mesmo se aplicados corretamente, os vernizes degradam devido variáveis como umidade e radiação ultravioleta. Diante disto, é útil analisar como os vernizes se comportam durante e após a degradação em ambientes úmidos e/ou com emissão de radiação ultravioleta (UV), pois isto possibilita saber qual é o melhor revestimento para cada ambiente. Para estudar a degradação foram utilizadas amostras de aço 1006 pintadas com os vernizes à base de resinas acrílica termoplástica, epóxi e poliuretana. As amostras foram acondicionadas nas câmaras úmida e de radiação ultravioleta (QUV) para que a degradação ocorresse de forma acelerada, por até 5000 horas. A avaliação da degradação dos vernizes foi realizada pelas análises de espessura, rugosidade, molhabilidade, adesão, cor, brilho, resistência ao impacto e empolamento. O grau de enferrujamento foi utilizado para aferir o quanto cada verniz protegeu o aço contra a corrosão. A degradação não modificou as espessuras dos vernizes significativamente, mas suas rugosidades aumentaram, especialmente a do acrílico e o epóxi. A molhabilidade dos vernizes aumentou com a degradação, tornando-os mais hidrofílicos. A maior adesão inicial (em 0 hora) foi a do verniz epóxi, contudo, após a exposição nas câmaras, foi verificado que as adesões dos vernizes se aproximaram. Quanto à cor, o verniz epóxi foi o mais afetado, sobretudo na exposição na câmara QUV, mostrando que estruturas pintadas com tais revestimentos não devem ser expostas à radiação UV por longos períodos. O brilho dos três vernizes diminuiu, especialmente o do acrílico termoplástico e epóxi degradados, respectivamente, nas câmaras úmida e QUV. O empolamento (bolhas) foi observado apenas nas amostras de verniz epóxi. Os três vernizes protegeram o aço eficientemente contra a corrosão, pois nenhuma das amostras apresentou grau de enferrujamento superior a Ri1, a exceção do epóxi degradado na câmara QUV. Em geral, a degradação em câmara QUV causou alterou mais as propriedades do verniz epóxi, enquanto o verniz acrílico termoplástico foi mais afetado na degradação em câmara úmida. As propriedades do verniz poliuretano variaram de forma semelhantes nas degradações em câmara QUV e úmida, a exceção da rugosidade, adesão e cor. Diante disto, percebe-se que a umidade e radiação UV são cruciais nas alterações das propriedades dos três vernizes.Varnishes are often used to protect metallic materials against corrosion. Resin is the component that most contributes to the final characteristics of coatings (varnish), with acrylics, epoxy and polyurethanes being the most used commercially. Even if correctly applied, varnishes degrade due to variables such as humidity and ultraviolet radiation. In view of this, it is useful to analyze how varnishes behave during and after degradation in humid environments and/or with emission of ultraviolet radiation (UV), because it makes possible to know which is the best coating for each environment. To study the degradation, 1006 steel samples painted with varnishes based on thermoplastic acrylic, epoxy and polyurethane resins were used. Then these samples were placed inside the humidity and ultraviolet radiation (QUV) chambers for the degradation to occur in an accelerated way, up to 5000 hours. The evaluation of varnish degradation was performed by thickness, roughness, wettability, adhesion, color, brightness, impact resistance and degree of blistering analyses. The degree of rusting was used to measure how much the varnishes protected the steel from corrosion. Degradation did not modify the thickness of the varnishes significantly, but their roughness increased, especially the roughness of acrylic and epoxy. The wettability of the varnishes increased with degradation, making them more hydrophilic. The highest initial adhesion (in 0 hours) was that the epoxy varnish, however, after exposure in the chambers, it was verified that the adhesions of the varnishes approached. Regarding to color, epoxy varnish was the most affected, especially when exposed to the QUV chamber, showing that structures painted with such coatings should not be exposed to UV radiation for long times. The brightness of the three varnishes has decreased, especially that of the thermoplastic acrylic and epoxy degraded, respectively, in the humidity and QUV chambers. Degree of blister was observed only in samples of epoxy varnish. The three varnishes protected the steel efficiently, because none of the samples presented degree of rust higher than Ri1, except for the degraded epoxy in the QUV chamber. In general, degradation in the QUV chamber caused more alterations in properties of the epoxy varnish, while the thermoplastic acrylic varnish was more affected in the degradation in the humidity chamber. The properties of the polyurethane varnish varied in a similar way in the degradations in a QUV and humidity chamber, except for roughness, adhesion and color. Therefore, it is noticed that humidity and UV radiation are crucial in altering the properties of the three varnishes

Estatuto de Museus, Comunicação e Museus de Tribunais Superiores do Judiciário no Brasil

This article sought to verify whether museums located in higher courts (STF, STJ, STM, TSE and TST) have been followed or not the guidelines established by the Statute of Museums, Law 11.904/2009, especially about communication matters. This research was guided in accordance to methodology of Depth Hermeneutics, initially developed by Thompson (1995). Using some articles of the Law as a parameter of analysis, it was possible to conclude that although in force for nine years, the Statute has not been effectively complied by the institutions linked to the Judiciary.Este artigo buscou verificar se museus localizados em tribunais superiores (STF, STJ, STM, TSE e TST) têm levado em conta ou não as diretrizes previstas pelo Estatuto de Museus, Lei 11.904/2009, principalmente no que se refere às atividades ligadas à comunicação. Para isso, a pesquisa utilizou a metodologia da Hermenêutica de Profundidade, desenvolvida inicialmente por Thompson (1995). Utilizando alguns artigos da lei como parâmetro de análise, foi possível, concluir que embora em vigor há nove anos, o Estatuto não tem sido efetivamente cumprido pelas próprias instituições ligadas ao Poder Judiciário

Anthelmintic activity of Annona crassiflora leaves against Haemonchus contortus: part 2: efficacy in vivo and blood parameters

In this study we evaluated the oral toxicity of leaf extracts of Annona crassiflora of for mice and the blood and parasitological parameters of lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and treated with leaves of this plant. The highest dose of AE (aqueous extract) administered to mice (203.0 mg/kg bw) was well tolerated, suggesting low toxicity. At necropsy, macroscopic examination revealed no abnormalities of the evaluated viscera.  Lambs infected with the nematode were divided one group treated with leaf powder and a control group that did not treat. Split-plot design analysis was performed where the treatments were defined as plots and three periods of collection were defined as subplots. Similar performances to weight gain were observed among the lamb groups. The oral administration of leaf powder at 2.75g /Kg bw did not alter the physiological blood parameters in comparison to untreated lambs; however, this dose was not efficient to fecal egg reduction.    We consider that other formulations and administration protocols should be evaluated to promote an effective alternative control using the leaves of this plant

Anthelmintic activity of Annona crassiflora leaves against Haemonchus contortus: part 1: in vitro inhibition of the hatchability and larval development

We evaluated the activity of Annona crassiflora leaves against Haemonchus contortus resistant to albendazol.  Aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EAE) extracts were produced and the predominant presence of flavonoids was observed in HPLC-DAD chromatograms. Initially we evaluated the larval development inhibition (LDI) of dry A. crassiflora leaf powder or its AE directly in fecal quantitative cultures. The efficacies of the extracts, with or without tannins, on egg hatching inhibition (EHI) were investigated reveling that the EE was the most effective (LC90 = 8.96 mg/mL). However, after tannin removal, AE showed the highest activity (LC90 = 4.27 mg/mL). In the LDI test, the LC90 of AE was < 6.25 mg/g of fecal culture and to leaf powder of leaves was 69.14 mg/g.  High efficacies of AE and EE for EHI were detected and the tannins were not the main active metabolites. The anthelmintic potential of this plant could be attributed to association between flavonoids and other metabolites

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

p.129–139Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the cause of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants, a chronic granulomatous disease that provokes significant zootechnics losses to ovine and goat breeders in northern Brazil. The present work was conducted to analyse aspects of humoral and cellular immune responses after experimental infection. Eight goats were infected intradermally with a single dose of virulent C. pseudotuberculosis strain and specific IgG, interferon-g (IFN-g) production as well as IgG avidity and antigens pattern recognition dynamics against an excreted–secreted antigen were recorded during 20 weeks. At the end of the follow-up, animals were slaughtered and necropsied. Although no animals showed apparent clinical signs of infection at the end of the trial, IFN-g response, even more so than the humoral response, differentiated animals into two groups of high or medium/low response. The time-course of IFN-g production presented a short-lived primary response on day 5 after infection of animals of both groups, and a strong and long lasting secondary response starting on day 16 after infection in the high response group. The indirect ELISA used was able to detect a positive antibody titre between 6 and 11 days after infection in the two groups. IgG avidity index oscillated initially between 15 and 45%, and showed approximately 5% units increment during the 20 follow-up weeks. With only one individual exception, the qualitative antigens pattern recognition showed on day 11 after infection remained constant through the experiment. IgG avidity is highly correlated with IgG production, but could not be related with specific immunodominant bands. Both humoral and cellular responses kinetics presented a similar pattern of activation/deactivation but necropsy results suggested that the IFN-g test would be a very specific marker of CLA status

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data