Effect of Myristica fragrans on PGC1α and Synaptophysin Expression in Male Wistar Rats Hippocampus

Background: Nutmeg is an indigenous plant from Indonesia that has been used extensively in herbal treatment. Nutmeg seed extract (NuSE) contains the active compound macelignan, which exhibits pharmacological activities. A previous study stated that NuSE is PPARγ or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist that potentially enhances synaptic signal modulation. PPARγ activation can activate PGC1α or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha as the primary regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondria are involved in synaptic transmission. Increased modulation of signals at synapses can increase neuroplasticity, potentially improving the brain's cognitive function, as seen by the amount of Synaptophysin in the synaptic vesicle membrane for evaluating synaptogenesis.Objective: This research demonstrates how nutmeg seed extract (NuSE) affects PGC1α and synaptophysin expression compared with DHA or docosahexanoieac acid, which has been evidenced to promote neurite growth.Methods: Twenty-four Wistar male rats aged eight weeks were divided into four groups (control, PGA group, NuSE group, and DHA group). The treatment group was administered for 12 weeks using a gavage. After that, the rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampus neurons were collected. The PGC1α and Synaptophysin mRNA expression was measured using semiquantitative reversed PCR, visualized with electrophoresis, and then quantified with ImageJ.Results: This study showed that NuSE increased synaptophysin and PGC1α mRNA expressions compared to the control group with significance statistic (p=0.017, p0,05).Conclusion: In conclusion, nutmeg seed extract (NuSE) impacts synaptogenesis in synaptophysin expression to modulate synaptic transmission

Measurable training program to improve physical performance: literature review

This study aims to determine the appropriate training program and portion in order to improve the physical performance of athletes.This literature review inquiry was obtained from various PubMed and Google Scholar databases by entering keywords, namely: Sports, Yoga, Basic Physical Components, MDA and IL6. This inquiry reviewed 33 articles published in national and international online journals and have been accredited. The results literature review done on prior studies show basic physical components can be optimally improved through exercises based on the FITT formula, namely interval training, fartlek, weight training, circuit training, plyometrix, rope jump and PNF. In addition, showed that aerobic and anaerobic exercises decreased MDA levels. However, the control group experienced a very significant increase in MDA levels. High-intensity exercise was found able to trigger releasing inflammatory mediators such as TNF-ά and IL-6. Furthermore, some literature showed that long-term yoga practice can reduce MDA levels and IL-6 levels as it as it increases antioxidant levels and anti imflamatory levels. This literature review is expected to provide comprehensive explanation of good and measurable training programs for athletes, coaches and sports institutions. Thereby, athletes’ physical performance can be optimally improved and injuries can be avoided so that athletes get sports achievements

Efek Suplementasi Selenium terhadap Marker Darah Pasca Cedera Kontusio

Selenium is a trace element that has antioxidant properties and is a component of selenoproteins. In certain circumstances, such as injury, selenium supplementation is required to regulate the inflammatory response. Contusion injury increases the inflammatory response to a muscle or tissue that begins with vasodilation, increases blood flow, increases vascular permeability, and leads to edema formation at the site of injury. Objectives: To determine the effect of selenium supplementation on changes in blood markers in rats treated with contusion injury. Methods: Experimental design, using experimental male rats (Rattus norwegius), eight weeks old, weighing 200-220 grams, divided into three groups, namely: The Control group, the contusion group, the contusion + Selenium group. Selenium supplementation was given orally on days 1-3 after injury at a dose of 0.0153 mg into 2% PGA. Examination of markers such as White Blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils was carried out on day three after treatment. Results: This study found that the administration of post-muscular selenium supplementation based on examination of blood markers such as WBC, Lymphocytes, Monocytes was higher in the contusion group and lower in the selenium group. Neutrophils were higher in the contusion and selenium groups. This was not significantly different from the control group. The result of blood marker examination tended to change, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Selenium supplementation in post-contusive injury mice did not provide significant changes in blood markers such as WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.Keywords:  antioxidant, blood marker, contusion, seleniu

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY OF THE MAJOR COMPOUNDS FROM GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS ON HUMAN SGLT-2 PROTEIN TRANSPORT USING STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN METHOD

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the molecular interactions of phytochemicals in Garcinia atroviridis with SGLT-2 protein transport. Methods: Molecular docking simulation using Autodock 4.2 was performed to explore the binding affinity of phytochemicals in Garcinia atroviridis against SGLT-2 protein transport. The structure-based pharmacophore model was derived using LigandScout 4.4 Advanced to investigate the important chemical interactions of the ligands and protein target. The evaluation was conducted based on the free energy binding and visualization in silico. Results: From this study, Myricetin is the most effective compound having similarity of interaction with the amino acid residue, 4 of 5 are hydrogen bond interactions between the amino acid; HIS80, ASN75, TRP291, and LYS321 amino acid interacted with the oxygen as the proton acceptor from benzenes of the Myricetin structure, in addition, Myricetin also has the lower binding energy and inhibition constant (-9.54 kcal/mol and 101.93 nM, respectively) as compared to other compounds. Conclusion: Hence, Myricetin could become the potential compound as an antidiabetic agent in the future with good activity and lower side effects

Effect of Exercise Duration on Klotho and GluN2B Gene Expressions in Hippocampus of Wistar Rats with Moderate Intensity Exercise

Exercise could delay the degeneration process by increasing Klotho, which is an endogen antioxidant. Klotho protects against oxidative damages, regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and enhances GluN2B expression. This study aimed to analyze the effect of 14-day and 8-week moderate-intensity exercise on Klotho and GluN2B mRNA expressions in rat hippocampus. This study was an animal experimental study using Wistar rats that was performed from June to September 2019 at the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. Rats were divided into 4 groups: control (14-day control and 8-week control) and exercise group (14-day exercise and 8-week exercise).  The exercise groups ran at a moderate intensity (20m/min) for 30min/day, 5x/week. Hippocampus was then subjected to klotho and GluN2B gene expression analysis. The exercise groups showed a higher Klotho expression, both in 14 days (0.844±0.124 vs. 1.057±0.013) and 8 weeks (0.897±0.072 vs. 1.380±0.168) although statistically insignificant (p=0.24). No difference in GluN2B gene expression was observed between control and exercise groups on 14 days (1±0.09 vs. 1.22±0.09) and 8 weeks (1.24±0.03 vs. 1.38±0.05; p=0.11). In conclusion, 14-day and 8-week moderate-intensity exercise did not alter Klotho and GluN2B expressions in rat hippocampus. Pengaruh Durasi Olahraga terhadap Perubahan Ekspresi Gen Klotho dan GluN2B di Hipokampus Tikus Galur Wistar yang Mendapatkan Perlakuan Lari Intensitas SedangOlahraga dapat menghambat proses degenerasi saraf dengan meningkatkan salah satu antioksidan endogen, yaitu Klotho. Klotho dapat melindungi sel neuron dari kerusakan oksidatif dan meningkatkan sinaptik plasticity pada hipokampus.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh olahraga lari pada hewan coba pada 14 hari dan 8 minggu terhadap perubahan ekspresi gen Klotho and GluN2B di hipokampus. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni hingga September 2019 di Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Padjadjaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan tikus jantan galur wistar. Tikus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Olahraga dilakukan dengan treadmill tikus, kecepatan 20m/min, 30 menit perhari selama 5 kali perminggu. Kemudian, mRNA otak digunakan untuk PCR dengan menggunakan primer klotho dan GluN2B. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0.24) pada ekspresi gen Klotho pada 14 hari (0.844±0.124 vs 1.057±0.013) dan 8 minggu (0.897±0.072 vs 1.380±0.168) antara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok lari. Ekspresi gen dari GluN2B juga tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0.11) pada 14 hari (1±0.09 vs 1.22±0.09)  dan 8 minggu (1.24±0.03 vs 1.38 ± 0.05). Simpulan, bahwa 8 minggu olahraga tidak meningkatan ekspresi Klotho dan GluN2B yang signifika

Effect of Acute Physical Exercise with Moderate Intensities on FGF23 Gene Expression in Wistar Rat Heart

A myokine is one of the proteins that are produced and released by myocytes in response to muscular contractions when doing physical exercise. One protein that is thought to function as myokine is FGF23.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute physical exercise with moderate intensity on the expression of FGF23 gene in Wistar rat heart. This was an animal experimental study using 24 male Wistar rats that were divided into 4 groups:treatment groups that performed 30 minute acutephysical exercise with moderate intensity (20 m/min) for 3 days, 6 days, and 15 days and a control group without physical exercise. The study was conducted in the Animal Laboratory and Central Laboratory of Universitas Padjadjaran during the period of February to July 2019. Data observed were the FGF23 gene expressions in Wistar rats heart. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results from the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that acute physical exercise with moderate intensity did not increase the FGF23 gene expression in Wistar rat heart (p>0.05), and the average of relative ratios of FGF23/GAPDH gene expression were as follows: control (0.970±0,03), 3 days (0.992±0.03), 6 days (1.014±0.05), and 15 days (1.056±0.02). GAPDH was used in this study as a housekeeping gene since its expression is very constant. This study proves that FGF23 is more likely to take a role in the cardiac remodeling process, especially those associated with cardiac hypertrophy after chronic exercise with no effect observed after acute physical exercise with moderate intensity in Wistar rat heart. Pengaruh Latihan Fisik Akut Intensitas Sedang terhadap Ekspresi Gen FGF23 pada Jantung Tikus Galur WistarMiokin diproduksi dan dilepaskan oleh miosit sebagai respons terhadap latihan fisik. Salah satu protein yang diduga berfungsi sebagai miokin adalah FGF23. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh latihan fisik akut intensitas sedang terhadap ekspresi gen FGF23 pada jantung tikus galur Wistar. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan tikus galur Wistar jantan yang berjumlah 24 tikus. Tikus dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok untuk diberi perlakuan latihan fisik intensitas sedang (20 meter/menit) dengan durasi 30 menit, selama 3 hari, 6 hari, dan 15 hari serta kelompok tanpa latihan fisik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Lab Hewan dan Lab Sentral Universitas Padjadjaran pada bulan Februari hingga Juli 2019. Ekspresi gen FGF23 pada jantung tikus galur Wistar dilihat dengan PCR. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney. Uji statistik tidak mendapatkan peningkatan ekspresi gen FGF23 setelah dilakukan latihan fisik akut intensitas sedang selama 3 hari, 6 hari dan 15 hari (p>0,05) dan didapatkan rasio relatif ekspresi gen FGF23/GAPDH otot jantung pada : kontrol (0,970±0,03), hari 3 (0,992±0,03), hari 6 (1,014±0,05), hari 15 (1,056±0,02). GAPDH digunakan dalam studi ini sebagai gen ‘housekeping’ karena ekspresinya yang sangat konstan. Studi ini membuktikan bahwa FGF23 mungkin lebih berperan dalam proses remodeling jantung, terutama yang berhubungan dengan hipertrofi jantung setelah latihan fisik kronik. Simpulan, tidak terdapat pengaruh latihan fisik akut intensitas sedang terhadap ekspresi gen FGF23 pada jantung tikus galur Wistar

Effect of Dietary Sodium on α, β, and γ Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Gene Expression in Kidney Tubules of Wistar Rats

Hypertension is a condition of persistently high blood pressure. It is currently a big health issue as its prevalence is high in Indonesia and its complications are numerous and deadly. Salt intake is one of the modifiable factors of hypertension. According to a study by Indonesian Ministry of Health, salt consumption in Indonesia is almost two times greater than the recommended salt diet from WHO. Sodium reabsorption in kidney plays a role in regulating blood pressure. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is one of the structures that function in sodium reabsorption in kidney tubules. This study was conducted at the Central Laboratory and Animal Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran from June to Desember 2018. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of high sodium diet on the expression of ENaC gene in kidney tubules of rats. Twelve Rattus norvegicus wistar rats were divided into two groups of control and treatment. Treatment group was given daily 2 mL NaCl solution treatment using gavage for 8 weeks. The expression of ENaC α, β, and γ was obtained by running tissue samples from kidney cortex and medulla in polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis. The result showed that there was an insignificant decrease in ENaC α, β, and γ gene expressions in both kidney cortex and medulla of the treatment group when compared to control groupThis study concludes that ENaC gene expression is not significantly affected by high sodium diet.Pengaruh Diet Tinggi Natrium terhadap Perubahan Ekspresi Gen Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) pada Tubulus Ginjal TikusHipertensi merupakan kondisi tekanan darah tinggi dalam waktu lama. Prevalensi dan komplikasi hipertensi menyebabkan hipertensi menjadi isu kesehatan yang cukup besar. Jumlah asupan garam merupakan faktor hipertensi yang dapat dimodifikasi. Berdasar studi Kementrian Kesehatan Indonesia, konsumsi garam di Indonesia rerata dua kali lipat lebih banyak daripada rekomendasi WHO. Reabsorpsi natrium pada ginjal berperan penting pada regulasi tekanan darah. Fungsi ini diperankan oleh epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) yang berfungsi untuk reabsorpsi natrium. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Sentral dan Laboratorium Hewan Fakultas Kedokteran pada Juni–Desember 2018. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis efek diet tinggi natrium pada ekspresi gen dari ENaC di tubulus ginjal pada tikus. Duabelas ekor tikus Rattus norvegicus dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kontrol dan perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan diberikan 2 mL larutan NaCl setiap hari selama 8 minggu. Larutan diberikan melalui paksa (gavage). Ekspresi gen ENaC α, β, γ dari korteks dan medula ginjal diamplifikasi dengan PCR dan dideteksi dengan elektroforesis. Pita protein dari gel elektroforesis dinilai intensitasnya dengan software ImageJ. Hasil dari elektroforesis menunjukkan penurunan ekspresi gen ENaC α, β, γ di korteks dan medulla pada kelompok perlakuan dibanding dengan kontrol. Studi ini menyimpulkan ekspresi gen ENaC pada korteks dan medulla ginjal tidak signifikan dipengaruhi oleh diet tinggi natrium

PATTERN OF ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY IN CARDIOEMBOLIC STROKE

Background: Cardioembolic stroke is a category of ischemic stroke that manifests more severe, is prone to recurrence, and is related to a higher mortality rate than the other categories of ischemic stroke. Anticoagulant therapy is recommended in cardioembolic stroke, both for primary and secondary prevention. Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the pattern of anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic stroke patients admitted at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Methods: The methodology of this study uses retrospective descriptive cross-sectional and use data from medical records collected during January 2015 to December 2020 at Neurology Department of Hasan Sadikin General Hospital with total sampling method. The inclusion criteria were cardioembolic stroke patients that received anticoagulant therapy. Anticoagulant therapy was stratified into Warfarin and New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) which consist of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban. To assess stroke severity outcome between warfarin and NOACs we use the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) Score. Results: From the 162 cardioembolic stroke patients, the most common oral anticoagulant used was warfarin (90.12%), followed by dabigatran (4.94%), rivaroxaban (3.70%), and edoxaban (1.23%). Only 1 (0.62%) patient who experienced complications from anticoagulant therapy, the complication was non-major bleeding and occurred in warfarin users. Both warfarin and NOACs mainly had NIHSS on discharge in a moderate category with the mean of NIHSS 7.615 and 7.276 for warfarin and NOACs respectively. Conclusion: Warfarin is the most common oral anticoagulant used for cardioembolic stroke based on this study. Both warfarin and NOACs groups have similar stroke severity outcomes measured by NIHSS on discharge and NOACs have lower incidence of bleeding compared to warfarin group

Garcinia Mangostana Extract Enhances Skin Epithelialization in Rat Induced Burn Injury

Mangosteen has several important elements for biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer. There are γ-mangostin, α-mangostin, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which could stimulate the collagen deposition and accelerate wound healing process. Burn injury cause deep wound in the skin and often cause cicatrix and keloid scar on the skin. However, there is limited information about role of mangosteen in skin wound healing after burn injury. Fifty 10 week-old male rats, were subjected to burn injury using automatic temperature control. Burn injury was created by direct contact of hot plate (170°C) for 15 seconds on rats’ inter scapula region. We elaborated the role of extract mangosteen in skin wound healing by applying daily gel contain with active compound derived from mangosteen. There was no significant weight change during treatment period. We observed that there was significant increase of Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF) expression in 14 as shown in immunohistochemistry and confirmed by western blot protein results. Taken together, mangosteen peel extract-mediated changes in the expression of growth factors in burned rat skins. Mangosteen peel extract might have a role in the acceleration of skin wound healing

Mutant PKC gamma in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 Disrupts Synapse Elimination and Long-Term Depression in Purkinje Cells In Vivo

Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) express a large amount of the gamma isoform of protein kinase C (PKC gamma) and a modest level of PKC alpha. The PKC gamma is involved in the pruning of climbing fiber (CF) synapses from developing PCs, and PKC alpha plays a critical role in long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)-PC synapses. Moreover, the PKC signaling in PCs negatively modulates the nonselective transient receptor potential cation channel type 3 (TRPC3), the opening of which elicits slow EPSCs at PF-PC synapses. Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is caused by mutations in PKC gamma. To clarify the pathology of this disorder, mutant (S119P) PKC gamma tagged with GFP was lentivirally expressed in developing and mature mouse PCs in vivo, and the effects were assessed 3 weeks after the injection. Mutant PKC gamma-GFP aggregated in PCs without signs of degeneration. Electrophysiology results showed impaired pruning of CF synapses from developing PCs, failure of LTD expression, and increases in slow EPSC amplitude. We also found that mutant PKC gamma colocalized with wild-type PKC gamma, which suggests that mutant PKC gamma acts in a dominant-negative manner on wild-type PKC gamma. In contrast, PKC alpha did not colocalize with mutant PKC gamma. The membrane residence time of PKC alpha after depolarization-induced translocation, however, was significantly decreased when it was present with the mutant PKC gamma construct. These results suggest that mutant PKC gamma in PCs of SCA14 patients could differentially impair the membrane translocation kinetics of wild-type gamma and alpha PKCs, which would disrupt synapse pruning, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic transmission