Antivivissecção na educação científica : uma proposta didática para a licenciatura em ciências biológicas

No contexto do presente trabalho, o termo vivissecção se refere a experimentos realizados com animais não humanos vivos no ensino visando observação, indução, ou constatação de fenômenos. O principal objetivo foi favorecer, através de uma estratégia didática, a construção de conceitos sobre antivivissecção pelos interlocutores da pesquisa. O trabalho foi desenvolvido durante um curso de formação ministrado a acadêmicos e professores da área de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas. O instrumento de coleta de dados consistiu em um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas. Os resultados chamam a atenção sobre a efetividade do planejamento e seleção adequada de recursos para a compreensão de conceitos sobre antivivissecção na Educação Científica. Também fornecem subsídios para se pensar a visão hegemônica utilitarista e especista no Ensino de Ciências

Evaluación económica del proceso de recuperación de proteínas de las harinas extraídas de la soja argentina

Las harinas de extrusión-prensado de soja (EE) son el subproducto del proceso de extracción de aceite de soja utilizado habitualmente por pequeñas y medianas empresas argentinas. En este estudio se evaluó la viabilidad económica de producción de concentrados proteicos a partir de estas harinas. Se consideró una capacidad de procesamiento de 18 ton/día de harinas EE, equivalente a una producción 1.500 ton/año de concentrado proteico. La metodología propuesta consideró un proceso de cambio de pH, 3 ciclos de extracción alcalina a 60 ºC seguidos de precipitación isoeléctrica a baja temperatura utilizando HCl, resultando un producto final con contenido proteico del 75 % (bs) y una productividad de 0,28 kg de producto/kg de harinas EE. Para analizar un caso práctico, la producción propuesta se llevaría a cabo como ampliación de una planta típica de extrusión-prensado de soja de tamaño medio. Como resultado, la inversión de capital necesaria se estimó en 2,7 millones de dólares. Se calcularon otros indicadores de rendimiento financiero, como valor actual neto y tasa interna de rendimiento, y se concluyó que la propuesta de obtención de un concentrado proteico de soja era económicamente viable a escala industrial si los precios de venta son superiores a 2.267 US$/tonelada.Soybean extruded-expelled (EE) meals are the byproduct of the soybean oil extraction process commonly used by small and medium-sized Argentinean companies. In this study, the economic feasibility of protein concentrate production from soybean EE meals was evaluated. A processing daily capacity of 18 ton of EE meals was considered, resulting in an annual production of 1,500 ton of protein concentrate. The proposed methodology considered a pH change process consisting of 3 cycles of alkaline extraction at 60 ºC followed by isoelectric precipitation at low temperature using hydrochloric acid, which resulted in a final product with a protein content of 75$2.7 million. Additional financial performance indicators were computed, including net present value and internal rate of return, and it was concluded that the proposal to obtain a protein concentrate from soybean EE meals was economically viable on an industrial scale if sale prices are above 2,267 US$/ton.Fil: Accoroni, C.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Godoy, E.. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Reinheimer, Maria Agustina. Universidad del Centro Educativo Latinoamericano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentin

Model-Based Edge Detector for Spectral Imagery Using Sparse Spatiospectral Masks

Two model-based algorithms for edge detection in spectral imagery are developed that specifically target capturing intrinsic features such as isoluminant edges that are characterized by a jump in color but not in intensity. Given prior knowledge of the classes of reflectance or emittance spectra associated with candidate objects in a scene, a small set of spectral-band ratios, which most profoundly identify the edge between each pair of materials, are selected to define a edge signature. The bands that form the edge signature are fed into a spatial mask, producing a sparse joint spatiospectral nonlinear operator. The first algorithm achieves edge detection for every material pair by matching the response of the operator at every pixel with the edge signature for the pair of materials. The second algorithm is a classifier-enhanced extension of the first algorithm that adaptively accentuates distinctive features before applying the spatiospectral operator. Both algorithms are extensively verified using spectral imagery from the airborne hyperspectral imager and from a dots-in-a-well midinfrared imager. In both cases, the multicolor gradient (MCG) and the hyperspectral/spatial detection of edges (HySPADE) edge detectors are used as a benchmark for comparison. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform the MCG and HySPADE edge detectors in accuracy, especially when isoluminant edges are present. By requiring only a few bands as input to the spatiospectral operator, the algorithms enable significant levels of data compression in band selection. In the presented examples, the required operations per pixel are reduced by a factor of 71 with respect to those required by the MCG edge detector

Aplicações ricas no controle de doenças da soja.

Este artigo apresenta a utilização de recursos de aplicações ricas para internet no controle de doenças da soja, explorando novas formas de publicar e acessar informações, por meio de componentes que estendem a capacidade das aplicações web e proporcionam ambientes interativos e colaborativos. As aplicações foram baseadas no conceito de web 2.0, amplamente utilizado e de comprovada relevância para o uso da internet como plataforma de aplicações em diversas áreas. O uso desses recursos se deu no desenvolvimento de uma aplicação web para o controle e monitoramento da ferrugem asiática da soja no Brasil. O resultado obtido demonstrou que essas tecnologias proporcionam aplicações web diferenciadas, tanto para entrada como para saída de informações, apresentando grande contribuição no desenvolvimento de soluções informatizadas para o controle de doenças da cultura da soja, podendo ser aplicadas também para outras culturas. RICH INTERNET APPLICATIONS IN SOYBEAN DISEASE CONTROL. This paper presents the use of Rich Internet Applications resources to help on soybean diseases control and explores a new ways to publish and access information, through components that extend the capabilities of web applications and provide interactive and collaborative environments. The applications were based on web 2.0 concepts, widely used and proven relevance. The use of these resources was made by developing a web application for the control and monitoring of Asian soybean rust in Brazil. The results showed that these technologies provide differenced web applications, both for input and for output information, presenting a great contribution to the development of computerized solutions for the control of soybean diseases, which can also be applied to other cultures.SBIAGRO

Avaliação de parâmetros monocíclicos e da densidade da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) em diferentes genótipos de soja e posições de copa.

RESUMO: A ferrugem da soja destacou-se nas últimas safras devido à alta severidade que vem causando nas lavouras de soja. Diversos estudos estão em andamento, para buscar informações sobre a resistência genética dos cultivares atualmente plantados. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar parâmetros monocíclicos e o progresso da ferrugem da soja em diferentes genótipos e posições da copa, em casa-de-vegetação. Foram utilizados 7 cultivares (Uirapuru e BRS 134 Pintado, BRS 134, BRS 154, BRS 215, FT 2, BRS 231) e uma PI 459025 com gene de resistência Rpp4, inoculados com suspensão de esporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Foram estudados para cada genótipos os períodos de incubação e latente. A avaliação de incidência da ferrugem foi realizada na planta toda e da severidade a partir do aparecimento dos sintomas, a cada cinco dias, até o declínio das plantas em três posições na copa. Os valores foram transformados em área abaixo da curva de progresso da incidência (AACPI) e da severidade (AACPS) da doença. O período de incubação foi de seis dias para todos genótipos avaliados. Entretanto, o período latente variou de 6 a 12 dias. Houve diferença significativa entre os cultivares para AACPI. Os cultivares BRS 134, FT 2 e BRS 231 apresentaram maior valor de AACPI, diferenciando dos demais cultivares. Entre os cultivares com menor valor de AACPI destacou-se a PI 459025. Variação na intensidade da doença nos 8 genótipos avaliados, em relação à posição da copa, só pode ser observada para o terço média da planta. ABSTRACT: Soybean rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been known to drastically reduce yields. Diverse studies are now in progress, to search information on the genetic resistance of cultivar currently planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the both incubation and latent period and the progress of soybean rust on several genotypes and three canopy position in greenhouse. The cultivars used were Uirapuru, BRS 134 Pintado, BRS 154, BRS 215, BRS 231, FT 2 and PI 459025 with a Ppp4 gene of resistance for soybean rust. Inoculations were performed by spraying inoculum suspension on the leaves. Disease incidence and severity were assessed every five days after the first disease symptoms were observed until plants were dead. The incubation period was six days for all genotypes evaluated. However, the latent period varied from six to twelve days. The incidence and severity values were transformed in proportion as the area under the disease incidence curve (AUDIC) and area under the disease severity curve (AUDSC). The cultivars BRS 134 Pintado, FT 2 and BRS 231 showed high values for AUDIC and were significant different from the others. PI 459025 showed the lowest value for AUDIC. AUDSC for PI 459025 cultivar was the lowest and FT 2 showed the highest value. Difference from disease intensity on eight genotypes, in function of the canopy position, only was observe to plant medium part

Diversity of mycorrhizal plant species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in evergreen forest, deciduous forest and grassland ecosystems of Southern Chile

In the Valdivian rainforest region of the Southern Chilean Andes three main ecosystems are found: Primary evergreen forests, secondary deciduous forests, and grassland areas. The secondary forest and the grasslands are habitually the result of the clearance of the primary forest some 60 years ago. The secondary forest consists mainly of the deciduous tree species Nothofagus alpina; forest management practices such as crown thinning and clearance of the understorey are applied to the secondary forest to improve its economic value. The grasslands are used by extensive cattle grazing. Soils in this region are acid Andosols with high organic matter content, high exchangeable aluminum and low levels of available phosphorus. The main objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant species and of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in these three ecosystems. The highest diversity with 53 plant species was found in the evergreen forest with 77.4% of them AM, while in the grassland 91% of the 22 plant species were AM. The deciduous forest had 11 plant species only and the lowest proportion of AM plant species (55%). Thirty-nine AM fungal species were found in total, of which most are being reported for the first time from Southern Chile. Thirteen fungal species were of the Acaulospora genus, 10 of Glomus, 4 species each of Scutellospora and Archaeospora, 3 species each of Pacispora and Entrophospora, and one species each of Paraglomus and Diversispora. AMF species were more abundant in the grassland (29 spp.) than in the evergreen forest (20 spp.) which is likely related to a higher relative proportion of AM plant species in the grassland. Four AMF species were present in all the ecosystems, and 15 species were apparently quite specific as they were only found in one of the ecosystems. Noteworthy was the lack of Paraglomus and Scutellospora spp. in any of the forest ecosystems, and the relatively higher presence of Entrophospora spores in those ecosystems. It was concluded that the diversity of the AMF species in the ecosystems is strongly influenced by the proportion of AM plant species in each ecosystem and that their diversity is not related to soil chemical properties

Adubação e irrigação de café: adubação combinada com irrigação no primeiro ano da instalação das covas

This paper deals with different types of fertilizer applications in coffee hill in the moment of transfering the plants to the field. During the first year, irrigation was applied in the dry season. After one year, the following characters were analised: plant height; plant diameter; number of productive branches; lenght and number of nodes in the first branch of the plant. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: the irrigation employed did not affect the treatments and mineral fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer were better than the others treatments used for comparisons