Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration

Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were recorded using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The comprehensive set of measurements from the first three years of RHIC operation includes charged particle multiplicities, transverse energy, yield ratios and spectra of identified hadrons in a wide range of transverse momenta (p_T), elliptic flow, two-particle correlations, non-statistical fluctuations, and suppression of particle production at high p_T. The results are examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state of dense matter. We find that the state of matter created at RHIC cannot be described in terms of ordinary color neutral hadrons.Comment: 510 authors, 127 pages text, 56 figures, 1 tables, LaTeX. Submitted to Nuclear Physics A as a regular article; v3 has minor changes in response to referee comments. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Regio- And Stereoselective Heck Arylations Of N-carbomethoxy-l-3- Dehydroproline Methyl Ester With Arenediazonium Salts. Total Synthesis Of Neuroexcitatory Aryl Kainoids

The Heck arylation of N-carbomethoxy-L-3-dehydroproline methyl ester with arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates produced chiral 4-aryldehydroproline derivatives in moderate to good yields in a highly regio- and stereocontrolled fashion. A rationale for the unexpected high regioselectivity is provided using Deeth's model. Heck adduct 15 (G = o-CH3O) was converted into several aryl kainoids using concise and efficient routes. © 2007 American Chemical Society.91528152818(2002) Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, , Negishi, E, Ed, Wiley: Hoboken, NJ(1995) Palladium Reagents and Catalysis, , Tsuji, J, Ed, Wiley: Chichester, UKAlonso, F., Beletskaya, I.P., Yus, M., (2005) Tetrahedron, 61, p. 11771Tietze, L., Ila, H., Bell, H.P., (2004) Chem. Rev, 104, p. 3453Roglans, A., Pla-Quintana, A., Moreno-Mañas, M., (2006) Chem. Rev, 106, p. 4622. , For a review of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions using diazonium salts, seeGarcia, A.L.L., Carpes, M.J.S., Montes de Oca, A.C.B., Santos, M.A.G., Santana, C.C., Correia, C.R.D., (2005) J. Org. Chem, 70, p. 1050Crisp, G.T., Gebauer, M.G., (1996) Tetrahedron, 52, p. 12465Evans, P., (2007) J. Org. Chem, 72. , 1830. Evans attempts to carry out Heck arylation of a L-3-dehydroproline derivative yielded mainly 2-carboethoxy pyrroleMaeda, K., Kadama, T., Tanaka, T., Yoshiziemi, H., Takemoto, T., Nomoto, K., Fujita, T., (1986) Chem. Pharm. Bull, 34, p. 4892Shinozaki, H., Ishida, M., Okamoto, T., (1986) Brain Res, 399, p. 395Ishida, M., Shinozaki, H., (1988) Brain Res, 474, p. 386Parsons, A.F., (1996) Tetrahedron, 52, p. 4149. , For a review, consultItadami, S., Takai, S., Tanigawa, C., Hashimoto, K., Shirahama, H., (2002) Tetrahedron Lett, 43, p. 7777Ahmed, A., Bragg, R.A., Clayden, J., Tchabanenko, K., (2001) Tetrahedron Lett, 42, p. 3407Bragg, R.A., Clayden, J., Bladon, M., Ichihara, O., (2001) Tetrahedron Lett, 42, p. 3411Maeda, H., Selvakumar, N., Kraus, G.A., (1999) Tetrahedron, 55, p. 943Maeda, H., Kraus, G.A., (1997) J. Org. Chem, 62, p. 2314Baldwin, J.E., Fryer, A.M., Spyvee, M.R., Whitehead, R.C., Wood, M.E., (1996) Tetrahedron Lett, 37, p. 6923Hashimoto, K., Shirahama, H., (1991) Tetrahedron Lett, 32, p. 2625Hashimoto, K., Horikawa, M., Shirahama, H., (1990) Tetrahedron Lett, 31, p. 7047Lin, C.-C., Shimazaki, M., Heck, M.-P., Aoki, S., Wang, R., Kimura, T., Ritzen, H., Wong, C.-H., (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 118, p. 6826Shono, T., Matsumura, Y., Inoue, K., (1983) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, p. 1169Oliveira, D.F., Miranda, P.C.L., Correia, C.R.D., (1999) J. Org. Chem, 64, p. 6446At present, reaction conditions were optimized only for arenediazonium containing the p-OMe, o-OMe, and p-ClDeeth, R.J., Smith, A., Brown, J.M., (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 126, p. 7144This assumption is precedented in the work of Deeth and co-workers (ref 12, It is also conceivable that such a model would explain the results obtained by Crisp and Evans ref 5Ezquerra, J., Escribano, A., Rubio, A., Remuiñán, M.J., Vaquero, J.J., (1996) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 7, p. 2613Ezquerra, J., Escribano, A., Rubio, A., Remuiñán, M.J., Vaquero, J.J., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett, 36, p. 6149H-2 chemical shift for kainate 23 appears at δ 4.08 (d, 3J = 7.8 Hz), suggesting a C-2, C-3 trans relationship, as described by Shirahama (ref 6b). The stereochemistry of the substituents at C-3 and C-4 can be established by the empirical rules proposed by Baldwin and Shirahama: (a) Baldwin, J. E.Fryer, A. M.Pritchard, G. J. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 2597Hashimoto, K., Konno, K., Shirahama, H., (1996) J. Org. Chem, 61, p. 4685Attempts to perform hydrolysis under basic conditions led to a mixture of the all cis diester with its C-2 epimer in a 1:1 ratioKlotz, P., Mann, A., (2003) Tetrahedron Lett, 44, p. 192

Phosphine-free Heck Reaction: Mechanistic Insights And Catalysis "on Water" Using A Charge-tagged Palladium Complex

A novel Pd-complex with a charge tag (imidazolium cation) was applied for online monitoring of the neutral Heck reaction by electrospray ionization (tandem) mass spectrometry-ESI-MS(/MS). The results shed light on the mechanism of the reaction, whereas the charge-tagged ligand also allowed the unprecedented MS monitoring of Pd2+ reduction to Pd0. Key reaction intermediates associated with Pd catalysis could also be detected and characterized due to the presence of the charge tag on the Pd-complex. DFT calculations supported the proposed mechanism. The new charge-tagged Pd-complex is also shown to function as an active catalyst "on water" with the advantage of using cheaper and less reactive aryl chloride substrates in a phosphine-free version of the Heck reaction. © the Partner Organisations 2014.38729582963Kandukuri, S.R., Schiffner, J.A., Oestreich, M., (2012) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 51, pp. 1265-1269Faulkner, A., Bower, J.F., (2012) Angew. Chem., Int. 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