The History of Lobotomies: Examining its Impacts on Marginalized Groups and the Development of Psychosurgery

Frontal lobotomies, which are defined as the lesioning of the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain, were performed extensively from the 1930s to the 1960s in Europe and the United States, significantly impacting psychology and psychosurgery. The history of frontal lobotomies features many different practitioners with diverse methods; however, the overwhelming majority of popular lobotomists committed unethical actions by today’s standards that led to the direct marginalization of specific demographics. Using a framework guided by an exploration of those historically disempowered by the performance of lobotomies, this review article traces the lobotomy’s historical progression, focusing on the unethical treatment of, and the absence of informed consent from vulnerable patients. The practice of lobotomies is today considered unethical; however, its historical occurrence stigmatized psychosurgery, psychology, and science as a whole, the scars of which are still, to some extent, present for current practitioners in the field

La décentralisation au Mali : mutations politiques locales et changements sociaux

Au Mali, les arènes locales sont composées d'une hiérarchie de pouvoirs locaux et de pouvoirs d'État qui s'assemblent et se superposent entre eux. Les rapports entre ces pôles d'autorité se trouvent au carrefour de plusieurs logiques (locales et étatiques) dont les légitimités sont transformées, réinterprétées et instrumentalisées par les acteurs qui évoluent dans la sphère locale. Avec la réforme de \ud décentralisation engagée sous la présidence d'Alpha Oumar Konaré (1992-2002), la création de nouvelles communes recouvre les anciens rapports de pouvoirs/territorialités et obligent les acteurs à se repositionner dans l'arène locale en redéfinissant leurs modes d'action politique. Ce mémoire examine les interactions entre les principaux acteurs et les conflits entre groupes sociaux suscités par la décentralisation en les situant d'après les modalités d'institutionnalisation de la sphère locale par l'ancien régime. Le cadre théorique adopté s'inspire des travaux de la sociologie historique néowébérienne et de l'anthropologie politique des espaces publics. Partant de la conceptualisation de la décentralisation en tant qu'enjeu de pouvoir de l'arène locale, nous considérons que cette réforme suscite des luttes entre « groupes stratégiques » qui la transforment, tout en l'intégrant dans des pratiques et des structures de pouvoir antérieures. Nous illustrons ce processus d'hybridation des dynamiques sociales aux pouvoirs municipaux en prenant l'exemple de la recomposition des conflits locaux et du repositionnement des acteurs communaux autour des enjeux fonciers. La décentralisation tend à bouleverser les rapports sociaux liés à la propriété et à faire du contrôle des nouvelles collectivités un enjeu majeur de la gestion domaniale. Les communes deviennent alors un site de confrontation entre différents groupes sociaux (autochtones/allochtones, propriétaires/non-propriétaires) qui entrent en lutte pour l'accès aux ressources foncières. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Décentralisation, Pouvoirs municipaux, Arène locale, Conflits fonciers, Sociologie historique, Mali

Damage monitoring in fibre reinforced mortar by combined digital image correlation and acoustic emission

International audienceThe present work aims at developing a methodology for the detection and monitoring of damage and fractures in building materials in the prospects of energetic renovation. Digital image correlation (DIC) and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring were simultaneously performed during tensile loading tests of fibre reinforced mortar samples. The full-field displacement mappings obtained by DIC revealed all ranges of cracks, from microscopic to macroscopic, and an image processing procedure was conducted as to quantify their evolution in the course of the degradation of the samples. The comparison of these measurements with the acoustic activity of the material showed a fair match in terms of quantification and localisation of damage. It is shown that after such a calibration procedure, AE monitoring can be autonomously used for the characterisation of damage and fractures at larger scales

ODAS: Open embeddeD Audition System

Artificial audition aims at providing hearing capabilities to machines, computers and robots. Existing frameworks in robot audition offer interesting sound source localization, tracking and separation performance, but involve a significant amount of computations that limit their use on robots with embedded computing capabilities. This paper presents ODAS, the Open embeddeD Audition System framework, which includes strategies to reduce the computational load and perform robot audition tasks on low-cost embedded computing systems. It presents key features of ODAS, along with cases illustrating its uses in different robots and artificial audition applications

Evidence-based selection of theories for designing behaviour change interventions : using methods based on theoretical construct domains to understand clinicians' blood transfusion behaviour

Peer reviewedPostprin

Argon behaviour in an inverted Barrovian sequence, Sikkim Himalaya: the consequences of temperature and timescale on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar mica geochronology

40Ar/39Ar dating of metamorphic rocks sometimes yields complicated datasets which are difficult to interpret in terms of timescales of the metamorphic cycle. Single-grain fusion and step-heating data were obtained for rocks sampled through a major thrust-sense shear zone (the Main Central Thrust) and the associated inverted metamorphic zone in the Sikkim region of the eastern Himalaya. This transect provides a natural laboratory to explore factors influencing apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages in similar lithologies at a variety of metamorphic pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions. The 40Ar/39Ar dataset records progressively younger apparent age populations and a decrease in within-sample dispersion with increasing temperature through the sequence. The white mica populations span ~ 2–9 Ma within each sample in the structurally lower levels (garnet grade) but only ~ 0–3 Ma at structurally higher levels (kyanite-sillimanite grade). Mean white mica single-grain fusion population ages vary from 16.2 ± 3.9 Ma (2σ) to 13.2 ± 1.3 Ma (2σ) from lowest to highest levels. White mica step-heating data from the same samples yields plateau ages from 14.27 ± 0.13 Ma to 12.96 ± 0.05 Ma. Biotite yield older apparent age populations with mean single-grain fusion dates varying from 74.7 ± 11.8 Ma (2σ) at the lowest structural levels to 18.6 ± 4.7 Ma (2σ) at the highest structural levels; the step-heating plateaux are commonly disturbed. Temperatures > 600 °C at pressures of 0.4–0.8 GPa sustained over > 5 Ma, appear to be required for white mica and biotite ages to be consistent with diffusive, open-system cooling. At lower temperatures, and/or over shorter metamorphic timescales, more 40Ar is retained than results from simple diffusion models suggest. Diffusion modelling of Ar in white mica from the highest structural levels suggests that the high-temperature rocks cooled at a rate of ~ 50–80 °C Ma− 1, consistent with rapid thrusting, extrusion and exhumation along the Main Central Thrust during the mid-Miocene

Sociological and Communication-Theoretical Perspectives on the Commercialization of the Sciences

Both self-organization and organization are important for the further development of the sciences: the two dynamics condition and enable each other. Commercial and public considerations can interact and "interpenetrate" in historical organization; different codes of communication are then "recombined." However, self-organization in the symbolically generalized codes of communication can be expected to operate at the global level. The Triple Helix model allows for both a neo-institutional appreciation in terms of historical networks of university-industry-government relations and a neo-evolutionary interpretation in terms of three functions: (i) novelty production, (i) wealth generation, and (iii) political control. Using this model, one can appreciate both subdynamics. The mutual information in three dimensions enables us to measure the trade-off between organization and self-organization as a possible synergy. The question of optimization between commercial and public interests in the different sciences can thus be made empirical.Comment: Science & Education (forthcoming

Implication of free fatty acids in thrombin generation and fibrinolysis in vascular inflammation in Zucker rats and evolution with aging

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and aging are associated with modifications in blood coagulation factors, vascular inflammation, and increased risk of thrombosis. Objectives: Our aim was to determine concomitant changes in thrombin generation in the blood compartment and at the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and its interplay with adipokines, free fatty acids (FFA), and metalloproteinases (MMPs) in obese Zucker rats that share features of the human MetS. Methods: Obese and age-matched lean Zucker rats were compared at 25 and 80 weeks of age. Thrombin generation was assessed by calibrated automated thrombography (CAT). Results: Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was increased in obese rats independent of platelets and age. Clot half-lysis time was delayed with obesity and age. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-13 were increased with obesity and age respectively. Addition of exogenous fibrinogen, leptin, linoleic, or palmitic acid increased thrombin generation in plasma whereas adiponectin had an opposite effect. ETP was increased at the surface of VSMCs from obese rats and addition of exogenous palmitic acid further enhanced ETP values. Gelatinase activity was increased in aorta at both ages in obese rats and MMP-2 activity was increased in VSMCs from obese rats. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated in MetS an early prothrombotic phenotype of the blood compartment reinforced by procoagulant properties of dedifferentiated and inflammatory VSMCs. Mechanisms involved (1) increased fibrinogen and impaired fibrinolysis and (2) increased saturated fatty acids responsible for additive procoagulant effects. Whether specifically targeting this hypercoagulability using direct thrombin inhibitors would improve outcome in MetS is worth investigating